{"id":705,"date":"2021-06-24T20:20:49","date_gmt":"2021-06-24T20:20:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/?page_id=705"},"modified":"2025-02-28T02:21:37","modified_gmt":"2025-02-28T02:21:37","slug":"volcanoes-in-art","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/volcanoes-in-art\/","title":{"rendered":"Volcanoes in Art"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3>How is this related to climate?<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Volcanoes are arguably one of the most impressive and impactful natural phenomena commonly portrayed in various forms of art, across the world and throughout history. They can have effects on local and global climate long after the eruption is over, so many volcano-inspired works of art do not depict a volcano at all.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the short-term, they can trigger cooling. Among other effects, they:\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Produce clouds of ash that can reach into the stratosphere and circulate around the globe within weeks of the eruption. These clouds block out the sun, lowering temperatures.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Emit sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride gases that can combine with water vapor in the atmosphere and create acid rain.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Eject sulfur dioxide, which is converted into sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid condenses rapidly into sulfate aerosols in the atmosphere, which reflect light from the sun back into space, resulting in a cooling effect.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Over a long period of time, extensive volcanic eruptions can warm the climate.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Volcanoes release large quantities of carbon dioxide and other\u00a0 greenhouse gases that trap heat from the sun and contribute to global warming. Nowadays, the amount of carbon dioxide released by volcanoes is insignificant compared to that released by humans, but in the past, massive and long-lasting volcanic eruptions have warmed Earth\u2019s climate significantly.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The climate changes caused by volcanoes can have devastating social and economic effects. Temperature decreases, torrential rains and acid rains often cause crop failures that lead to famines, and both famines and climate changes can cause diseases. Many works of art across time, cultures and media seek to capture these themes, in addition to volcanoes and volcanic eruptions themselves.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Examples of Volcanoes in Art<\/h3>\n<div id=\"attachment_707\" style=\"width: 1556px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-707\" class=\"wp-image-707 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Eruption-of-Mt-Vesuvius.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1546\" height=\"710\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Eruption-of-Mt-Vesuvius.png 1546w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Eruption-of-Mt-Vesuvius-300x138.png 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Eruption-of-Mt-Vesuvius-1024x470.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Eruption-of-Mt-Vesuvius-768x353.png 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Eruption-of-Mt-Vesuvius-1536x705.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Eruption-of-Mt-Vesuvius-624x287.png 624w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1546px) 100vw, 1546px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-707\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pierre-Jacques Volaire, French, 1729\u2013c. 1790-1800. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">The Eruption of Vesuvius<\/span>, 1771. Oil paint on canvas. Purchased by the Art Institute of Chicago in 1978.<br \/>THE ART INSTITUTE OF CHICAGO.<\/p><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This painting depicts the 1771 eruption of Mount Vesuvius in Naples, Italy. It is just one example of the obsession artists in the Age of Enlightenment had with natural disasters.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Age of Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe surrounding ideas about God, reason, nature and humanity that inspired shifts in art, philosophy and politics.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vesuvius is most famous for its 79 CE eruption that destroyed the ancient Roman city of Pompeii, near Naples, Italy, but it was very active throughout the 18th century, erupting almost every decade.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Volaire was born in France but spent most of his adult life in Naples. He painted scenes of the Italian countryside for English and German tourists, until the 1771 eruption of Vesuvius when he switched to almost exclusively painting the volcano. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"attachment_708\" style=\"width: 960px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-708\" class=\"size-full wp-image-708\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Woman-in-Front-of-Setting-Sun.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"950\" height=\"628\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Woman-in-Front-of-Setting-Sun.png 950w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Woman-in-Front-of-Setting-Sun-300x198.png 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Woman-in-Front-of-Setting-Sun-768x508.png 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Woman-in-Front-of-Setting-Sun-624x412.png 624w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 950px) 100vw, 950px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-708\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Caspar David Friedrich, German, 1774\u20131840. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Woman in Front of Setting Sun<\/span>, c. 1818. Oil paint on canvas. Acquisition was funded by the German Center for The Loss of Cultural Property.<br \/>MUSEUM FOLKWANG.<\/p><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">One of the striking features of this painting is the golden-orange hues of the sky. They were inspired by what the sky actually looked like in Europe after the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/the-eruption-of-mount-tambora-1815-1818\/\">eruption of Mount Tambora<\/a> in Indonesia in 1815, about 7,000 miles (11,000 kilometers) away. The eruption, the largest one in recorded history, sent sulfur dioxide and volcanic ash into the air, engulfing the globe and blocking out the sun. This caused a volcanic winter in which average global temperatures dropped by 3\u00b0C.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cold temperatures, torrential rains and acidic ash that settled on agricultural fields caused massive crop failures, which then resulted in world-wide famine lasting until 1818. Locally, people died from the initial volcanic blast. Globally, they suffered from starvation as a result of famine and diseases, including severe respiratory infections from inhaling volcanic ash, diarrheal disease from drinking water contaminated with ash, and famine-related diseases such as cholera and typhus.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Friedrich, who is considered to be the most important painter of the German Romantic movement and is known for his allegorical landscapes, tried to convey a sense of hope beyond the social and environmental disaster by painting the woman looking past the dead crops onto greener pastures. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"attachment_709\" style=\"width: 958px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-709\" class=\"size-full wp-image-709\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Decline-of-Carthaginian-Empire.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"948\" height=\"670\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Decline-of-Carthaginian-Empire.png 948w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Decline-of-Carthaginian-Empire-300x212.png 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Decline-of-Carthaginian-Empire-768x543.png 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Decline-of-Carthaginian-Empire-624x441.png 624w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 948px) 100vw, 948px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-709\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">James Mallord William Turner, English, 1775\u20131851. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Decline of the Carthaginian Empire<\/span>, 1817. Oil paint on canvas. Part of the Turner Bequest of 1856.<br \/>TATE BRITAIN.<\/p><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><a id=\"JMWT\"><\/a>This painting also features a volcanic sky. It depicts the death and destruction in the final days of the Carthaginian Empire, which stretched across southern Spain and northern Africa and was the most powerful empire in the world before the Roman Empire. Although Carthage fell in 146 BCE, long before the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora in Indonesia, Turner painted the sky as he experienced it in England in the wake of this eruption: hazy and filled with ash.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Turner was an English Romantic landscape painter known for his studies of light, color and the atmosphere.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"attachment_710\" style=\"width: 1018px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-710\" class=\"size-full wp-image-710\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Chichester-Canal.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1008\" height=\"507\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Chichester-Canal.png 1008w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Chichester-Canal-300x151.png 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Chichester-Canal-768x386.png 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Chichester-Canal-624x314.png 624w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1008px) 100vw, 1008px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-710\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">James Mallord William Turner, English, 1775\u20131851. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Chichester Canal<\/span>, 1828. Oil paint on canvas. Part of the Turner Bequest of 1856.<br \/>TATE BRITAIN.<\/p><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">An ethereal sunset, caused by the volcanic aerosols shot into the air by the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora in Indonesia, hangs over the Chichester Canal in southern England in this piece by Turner.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-714\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Skies-4.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"941\" height=\"509\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Skies-4.png 941w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Skies-4-300x162.png 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Skies-4-768x415.png 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Skies-4-624x338.png 624w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 941px) 100vw, 941px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-713\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Skies-3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"940\" height=\"524\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Skies-3.png 940w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Skies-3-300x167.png 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Skies-3-768x428.png 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Skies-3-624x348.png 624w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-712\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/SKies-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"977\" height=\"543\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/SKies-2.png 977w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/SKies-2-300x167.png 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/SKies-2-768x427.png 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/SKies-2-624x347.png 624w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 977px) 100vw, 977px\" \/><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_711\" style=\"width: 988px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-711\" class=\"size-full wp-image-711\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Skies-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"978\" height=\"541\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Skies-1.png 978w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Skies-1-300x166.png 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Skies-1-768x425.png 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Skies-1-624x345.png 624w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 978px) 100vw, 978px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-711\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">James Mallord William Turner, English, 1775-1851. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Study of Sky<\/span>, c. 1816-1818. Watercolor on paper. Part of the Turner Bequest of 1856.<br \/>TATE BRITAIN.<\/p><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Turner\u2019s \u201cSkies\u201d sketchbook contains 65 paintings done between 1816 and 1818 in which he studied clouds, sunsets and moonlight. Many of them show a hazy sky that was the result of volcanic ash in the air over Europe after the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora in Indonesia.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"attachment_715\" style=\"width: 748px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-715\" class=\"size-full wp-image-715\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/36-Views-of-Fuji-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"738\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/36-Views-of-Fuji-1.png 738w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/36-Views-of-Fuji-1-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/36-Views-of-Fuji-1-624x416.png 624w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/36-Views-of-Fuji-1-272x182.png 272w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 738px) 100vw, 738px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-715\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Katsushika Hokusai, Japanese, 1760\u20131849. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Fuji, Mountains in Clear Weather (Red Fuji)<\/span>, 1831. Color woodblock print on paper.<br \/>PRIVATE COLLECTION.<\/p><\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_716\" style=\"width: 747px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-716\" class=\"size-full wp-image-716\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/36-Views-of-Fuji-3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"737\" height=\"491\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/36-Views-of-Fuji-3.png 737w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/36-Views-of-Fuji-3-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/36-Views-of-Fuji-3-624x416.png 624w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/36-Views-of-Fuji-3-272x182.png 272w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 737px) 100vw, 737px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-716\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Katsushika Hokusai, Japanese, 1760\u20131849. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">The Great Wave off Kanagawa<\/span>, 1831. Color woodblock print on paper.<br \/>PRIVATE COLLECTION.<\/p><\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_717\" style=\"width: 747px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-717\" class=\"size-full wp-image-717\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/36-Views-of-Fuji-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"737\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/36-Views-of-Fuji-2.png 737w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/36-Views-of-Fuji-2-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/36-Views-of-Fuji-2-624x417.png 624w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/36-Views-of-Fuji-2-272x182.png 272w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 737px) 100vw, 737px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-717\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Katsushika Hokusai, Japanese, 1760\u20131849. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Mitsui Shop on Suruga Street in Edo<\/span>, c. 1831. Color woodblock print on paper.<br \/>TOKYO FUJI ART MUSEUM.<\/p><\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_718\" style=\"width: 748px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-718\" class=\"size-full wp-image-718\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/36-Views-of-Fuji-4.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"738\" height=\"493\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/36-Views-of-Fuji-4.png 738w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/36-Views-of-Fuji-4-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/36-Views-of-Fuji-4-624x417.png 624w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/36-Views-of-Fuji-4-272x182.png 272w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 738px) 100vw, 738px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-718\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Katsushika Hokusai, Japanese, 1760\u20131849. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">The Fields of Sekiya by the Sumida River<\/span>, 1823-1831. Color woodblock print on paper.<br \/>BRITISH LIBRARY.<\/p><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Printmaker and painter Katsushika Hokusai produced a series of paintings using the woodblock style of ukiyo-e that pays homage to Mount Fuji in Japan. The large composite cone of the volcano is depicted in all of these selected paintings from the series.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"attachment_719\" style=\"width: 656px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-719\" class=\"size-full wp-image-719\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/The-Scream.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"646\" height=\"799\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/The-Scream.png 646w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/The-Scream-243x300.png 243w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/The-Scream-624x772.png 624w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 646px) 100vw, 646px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-719\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Edvard Munch, Norwegian, 1863\u20131944. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">The Scream<\/span>, 1893. Tempera and grease pin on cardboard. Gift of Olaf Schou in 1910.<br \/>NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NORWAY.<\/p><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Like <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Woman in Front of Setting Sun <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(above)<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, The Scream <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">also features a sky of red and orange hues. However, the inspiration for this painting was the eruption of Krakatoa in Indonesia in 1883. Krakatoa\u2019s effects on global climate were not nearly as extreme as those of Mount Tambora, but in the year following its eruption, summer temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere fell by as much as 2\u2103. Some areas also had other strange weather events, such as the record amounts of rainfall in California.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Munch, a painter, illustrator and writer known for his experimental artistic techniques, was supposedly on a walk with friends in Norway when the sky turned \u201cblood red.\u201d The sunset was being colored by the volcanic ash and dust that hung in the air from the Krakatoa eruption. The anxiety he felt in that moment is depicted in this famous painting, completed ten years after the eruption. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"attachment_720\" style=\"width: 861px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-720\" class=\"size-full wp-image-720\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Mt-St-Helens.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"851\" height=\"1085\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Mt-St-Helens.png 851w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Mt-St-Helens-235x300.png 235w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Mt-St-Helens-803x1024.png 803w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Mt-St-Helens-768x979.png 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Mt-St-Helens-624x796.png 624w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 851px) 100vw, 851px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-720\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mathias van Hesemans, American, 1946-. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Mount St. Helens Eruption<\/span>, 1983. Photograph, gelatin silver print. Gift of Robert Flynn Johnson in memory of Minna Flynn Johnson, class of 1936.<br \/>SMITH COLLEGE MUSEUM OF ART. SC 2020.13.2<\/p><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This is a photograph of the 1980 Mount St. Helens Eruption in Washington, USA, the deadliest volcanic eruption in US history. This eruption caused close to 60 deaths and over $1 billion in property damages (an equivalent of about $3.5 billion today). Volcanic ash from this eruption settled across 11 US states and five Canadian provinces.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This eruption had virtually no global climate effects because it ejected very little sulfur dioxide, which, when emitted in large quantities, results in cooling by blocking sunlight from entering the atmosphere. However, the ash cloud had striking effects on local weather. On the day of the eruption, portions of eastern Washington experienced a drop in temperature by as much as 8\u2103 as the cloud blocked out incoming sunlight. The ash cloud also kept the region 8-12\u2103 warmer than normal overnight, because it trapped infrared radiation that is usually lost to the atmosphere when the sun is not actively warming the planet. The weather effects only lasted for a few days and disappeared as the ash cloud thinned and moved east. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"attachment_721\" style=\"width: 743px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-721\" class=\"size-full wp-image-721\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Volcano.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"733\" height=\"1055\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Volcano.png 733w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Volcano-208x300.png 208w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Volcano-711x1024.png 711w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Volcano-624x898.png 624w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 733px) 100vw, 733px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-721\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Richard Bosman, Australian, 1944-. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Volcano<\/span>, 1989. Woodcut printed in color on Kozo white paper sheet. Gift of Wilson and Eliot Nolen (Eliot Chace Nolen class of 1954).<br \/>SMITH COLLEGE MUSEUM OF ART. SC 2010.65.9<\/p><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This piece contrasts the differences in environmental conditions before and during a volcanic eruption.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Before the eruption (top), the skies are blue and clear and the ocean is relatively calm.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">During the eruption (bottom), the skies are darkened by huge clouds of ash and smoke from the volcano. The turbulence of this event is further highlighted by the rough seas and the reflection of lava in the water. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"attachment_722\" style=\"width: 812px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-722\" class=\"size-full wp-image-722\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Tiguan-Art.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"802\" height=\"1197\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Tiguan-Art.png 802w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Tiguan-Art-201x300.png 201w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Tiguan-Art-686x1024.png 686w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Tiguan-Art-768x1146.png 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2021\/06\/Tiguan-Art-624x931.png 624w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 802px) 100vw, 802px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-722\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">From Willis, 2016.<\/p><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Tigua People of Ecuador in South America create bright and vibrant art about life amongst the Andean volcanoes. On mainland Ecuador, there are more than 30 volcanoes, both active and extinct. The Tiguan paintings are traditionally done on sheepskin, but they also weave images into fabric, as seen above.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Further Exploration<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The colors of the sky in sunset paintings can be used to estimate the amount of ash particles in the air at the time the painting was created. Researchers analyzed the ratio of red to green in paintings done between 1500 and 2000 CE, a period in which there were more than 50 volcanic eruptions worldwide, to determine an approximate amount of volcanic ash in the air. They then compared the colors to the actual amount of ash determined from ice core samples and other measurements and found the paintings to be remarkably accurate.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>References and Additional Resources<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201c1980 Eruption of Mount St. Helens.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Wikipedia. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2021. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cCaspar David Friedrich.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Caspar David Friedrich: The Complete Works. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">n.d. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.caspardavidfriedrich.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.caspardavidfriedrich.org\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Chamot, M. \u201cJ.M.W. Turner.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Encyclopedia Britannica. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1999. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/J-M-W-Turner\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/J-M-W-Turner<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cChichester Canal.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tate Britain. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">n.d. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tate.org.uk\/art\/artworks\/turner-chichester-canal-n00560\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.tate.org.uk\/art\/artworks\/turner-chichester-canal-n00560<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Duignan, B. \u201cEnlightenment.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Encyclopedia Britannica. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">1998. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Enlightenment-European-history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Enlightenment-European-history<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cFrau vor der untergehenden Sonne.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Museum Folkwang. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">n.d. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/collection-online.museum-folkwang.de\/eMP\/eMuseumPlus?service=direct\/1\/ResultListView\/result.t2.collection_list.$TspTitleImageLink$0.link&amp;sp=10&amp;sp=Scollection&amp;sp=SfieldValue&amp;sp=0&amp;sp=0&amp;sp=3&amp;sp=SsimpleList&amp;sp=0&amp;sp=Sdetail&amp;sp=0&amp;sp=F&amp;sp=T&amp;sp=21\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">http:\/\/collection-online.museum-folkwang.de\/eMP\/eMuseumPlus?service=direct\/1\/ResultListView\/result.t2.collection_list.$TspTitleImageLink$0.link&amp;sp=10&amp;sp=Scollection&amp;sp=SfieldValue&amp;sp=0&amp;sp=0&amp;sp=3&amp;sp=SsimpleList&amp;sp=0&amp;sp=Sdetail&amp;sp=0&amp;sp=F&amp;sp=T&amp;sp=21<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cFuji, Mountains in Clear Weather (Red Fuji).\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">WikiArt: Visual Art Encyclopedia. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2020. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wikiart.org\/en\/katsushika-hokusai\/fuji-mountains-in-clear-weather-1831\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.wikiart.org\/en\/katsushika-hokusai\/fuji-mountains-in-clear-weather-1831<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Harpp, K. \u201cHow Do Volcanoes Affect World Climate?\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientific American. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2005. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/how-do-volcanoes-affect-w\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/how-do-volcanoes-affect-w\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Learn, J. R. \u201cHow Mount Tambora and Other Volcanic Eruptions Inspired Artistic Masterpieces.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Discover. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2021. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.discovermagazine.com\/planet-earth\/how-mount-tambora-and-other-volcanic-eruptions-inspired-artistic\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.discovermagazine.com\/planet-earth\/how-mount-tambora-and-other-volcanic-eruptions-inspired-artistic<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mass, C. \u201cWeather Impacts of the Mount Saint Helens Eruption.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cliff Mass Weather Blog. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2013. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/cliffmass.blogspot.com\/2013\/05\/weather-impacts-of-mount-saint-helens.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/cliffmass.blogspot.com\/2013\/05\/weather-impacts-of-mount-saint-helens.html<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mayer, J. and Young, L. J. \u201cArt and History Shaped by Volcanic Winters.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Science Friday. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2019. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencefriday.com\/articles\/the-art-and-history-shaped-by-volcanic-winters\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.sciencefriday.com\/articles\/the-art-and-history-shaped-by-volcanic-winters\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cSkies Sketchbook.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tate Britain. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">n.d. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tate.org.uk\/art\/sketchbook\/skies-sketchbook-65800\/109\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.tate.org.uk\/art\/sketchbook\/skies-sketchbook-65800\/109<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Singer, J. W. \u201cPainting of the Week: Pierre-Jacques Volaire, Eruption of Mount Vesuvius.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Daily Art Magazine. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2020. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dailyartmagazine.com\/painting-of-the-week-pierre-jacques-volaire-eruption-of-mount-vesuvius\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.dailyartmagazine.com\/painting-of-the-week-pierre-jacques-volaire-eruption-of-mount-vesuvius\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cThe Decline of the Carthaginian Empire.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tate Britain. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">n.d. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tate.org.uk\/art\/artworks\/turner-the-decline-of-the-carthaginian-empire-n00499\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.tate.org.uk\/art\/artworks\/turner-the-decline-of-the-carthaginian-empire-n00499<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cThe Eruption of Vesuvius.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Art Institute of Chicago. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">n.d. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.artic.edu\/artworks\/57996\/the-eruption-of-vesuvius\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.artic.edu\/artworks\/57996\/the-eruption-of-vesuvius<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cThe Fields of Sekiya by the Sumida River.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">WikiArt: Visual Art Encyclopedia. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2020. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wikiart.org\/en\/katsushika-hokusai\/the-fields-of-sekiya-by-the-sumida-river-1831\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.wikiart.org\/en\/katsushika-hokusai\/the-fields-of-sekiya-by-the-sumida-river-1831<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cThe Great Wave of Kanagawa.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">WikiArt: Visual Art Encyclopedia. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2020. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.wikiart.org\/en\/katsushika-hokusai\/the-great-wave-of-kanagawa-1831\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.wikiart.org\/en\/katsushika-hokusai\/the-great-wave-of-kanagawa-1831<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cThe Scream.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">National Museum of Norway. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">n.d. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasjonalmuseet.no\/en\/collection\/object\/NG.M.00939\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.nasjonalmuseet.no\/en\/collection\/object\/NG.M.00939<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cThirty-six Views of Mount Fuji.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Wikipedia. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2021. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thirty-six_Views_of_Mount_Fuji#Exhibitions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thirty-six_Views_of_Mount_Fuji#Exhibitions<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cThirty-six Views of Mount Fuji: Mitsui Store at Suruga-cho in Edo.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tokyo Fuji Art Museum. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">n.d. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fujibi.or.jp\/en\/our-collection\/profile-of-works.html?work_id=1166\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.fujibi.or.jp\/en\/our-collection\/profile-of-works.html?work_id=1166<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cVolcanoes Can Affect Climate.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">United States Geological Survey. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">n.d. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.usgs.gov\/natural-hazards\/volcano-hazards\/volcanoes-can-affect-climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.usgs.gov\/natural-hazards\/volcano-hazards\/volcanoes-can-affect-climate<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Williams, J. \u201cThe Epic Volcanic Eruption That Led to the \u2018Year Without a Summer.\u2019\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Washington Post. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2016.\u00a0 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/capital-weather-gang\/wp\/2015\/04\/24\/the-epic-volcano-eruption-that-led-to-the-year-without-a-summer\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/capital-weather-gang\/wp\/2015\/04\/24\/the-epic-volcano-eruption-that-led-to-the-year-without-a-summer\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Willis, I. \u201cArtists Draw Inspiration from Fire and Ash.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Earth Magazine. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2016. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.earthmagazine.org\/article\/artists-draw-inspiration-fire-and-ash#:~:text=Some%20of%20the%20earliest%20art%20related%20to%20volcanoes,crafted%20thunderbolts%20and%20weapons%20for%20fellow%20Roman%20deities.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.earthmagazine.org\/article\/artists-draw-inspiration-fire-and-ash<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Wood, G. D. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Tambora: The Eruption That Changed the World. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Princeton University Press, 2014.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Zerefos, C. S., et al. \u201cFurther Evidence of Important Environmental Information Content in Red-to-Green Ratios As Depicted in Paintings by Great Masters.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">vol. 14, no. 6, 2014, pp. 2987-3015. DOI: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-14-2987-2014\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/acp-14-2987-2014<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Zielinski, S. \u201c200 Years After Tambora, Some Unusual Effects Linger.\u201d <i style=\"font-size: 1rem\">Smithsonian. <\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2015. <\/span><a style=\"font-size: 1rem\" href=\"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/science-nature\/200-years-after-tambora-volcano-eruption-unusual-effects-linger-180954918\/?page=7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/science-nature\/200-years-after-tambora-volcano-eruption-unusual-effects-linger-180954918\/?page=7<\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>How to cite this page<\/h3>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Volcanoes in Art<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. (Year, Month Date). Climate in Global Cultures and Histories: Promoting Climate Literacy Across Disciplines. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/volcanoes-in-art\/\">https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/volcanoes-in-art\/<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>How is this related to climate? Volcanoes are arguably one of the most impressive and impactful natural phenomena commonly portrayed in various forms of art, across the world and throughout [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":308,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-705","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Volcanoes in Art - Climate in Arts and History<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/volcanoes-in-art\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Volcanoes in Art - Climate in Arts and History\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"How is this related to climate? 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