{"id":384,"date":"2020-11-24T18:08:29","date_gmt":"2020-11-24T18:08:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/?page_id=384"},"modified":"2025-02-28T02:47:01","modified_gmt":"2025-02-28T02:47:01","slug":"nile-river-flood-failure-in-ptolemaic-ancient-egypt-c-300-bce","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/nile-river-flood-failure-in-ptolemaic-ancient-egypt-c-300-bce\/","title":{"rendered":"Nile River Flood Failure in Ptolemaic Ancient Egypt (c. 300 BCE)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><strong>What happened?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Ptolemaic Egyptian Kingdom (305-30 BCE) was the longest and last Egyptian dynasty, and was the wealthiest and most powerful successor state of Alexander the Great. The dynasty, however, also experienced periods of instability.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">These included bloody revolts by Egyptians against the elite ruling Greek and socioeconomic stress, which were exacerbated by extreme droughts at times when the Nile River failed to flood on its regular, annual cycle.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Socioeconomic stress, in particular, is evidenced by increased hereditary land sales &#8212; indicating families couldn\u2019t produce enough crop yield to pay taxes &#8212; and the issuance of priestly decrees, or official orders, to reinforce elite authority.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"attachment_385\" style=\"width: 795px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-385\" class=\" wp-image-385\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2020\/11\/18TB-EGYPTVOLCANO-superJumbo-300x195.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"785\" height=\"510\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2020\/11\/18TB-EGYPTVOLCANO-superJumbo-300x195.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2020\/11\/18TB-EGYPTVOLCANO-superJumbo-1024x666.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2020\/11\/18TB-EGYPTVOLCANO-superJumbo-768x500.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2020\/11\/18TB-EGYPTVOLCANO-superJumbo-1536x999.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2020\/11\/18TB-EGYPTVOLCANO-superJumbo-624x406.jpg 624w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2020\/11\/18TB-EGYPTVOLCANO-superJumbo.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 785px) 100vw, 785px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-385\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A scene depicting a harvest at the tomb of Petosiris, a high priest of Thoth, at Tuna el-Gebel, Egypt, from the Ptolemaic era (From De Agostini\/Getty Images via St. Fleur, 2017).<\/p><\/div>\n<h2><strong>How is this related to climate?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">For Ancient Egyptian society, prosperity was overwhelmingly tied to the annual cycle of Nile summer flooding.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Until 20th century river damming, the summer flood (driven primarily by monsoon rainfall in the Ethiopian highlands) peaked from August to September and receded by the end of October, when crop sowing began. The flooding would irrigate the land and deposit nutrient-rich soil, which allowed for the cultivation of crops.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In Ptolemaic Egypt, several instances of extreme drought and Nile flooding suppression were caused by a series of explosive volcanic eruptions. The volcanic eruptions sent aerosols into the atmosphere, which led to falling temperatures and a reduction in evaporation from oceans and other large bodies of water. This impacted the African monsoon and interrupted the seasonal cycle of flooding in the Nile Basin.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Evidence for the relationship between volcanic eruptions and droughts came from climate model output, sulphate and ash deposits in ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica, measurements from the Islamic Nilometer (a structure for measuring Nile water level and clarity during the annual flood season), and ancient Egyptian writings.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The timing of these volcanic eruptions and subsequent droughts are associated with several onsets of social and economic unrest. Failure of the Nile River to flood served as a trigger for revolt against a backdrop of other stressors in Ptolemaic Egypt, such as ethnic tensions between Egyptians and Greek elites, growing demographic and fiscal pressures, burdensome state taxation, and increasing demand for wheat.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The absence of Nile flooding often coincided with harvest failure, famine, mortality, and political instability.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nile flood failure also constrained interstate conflict, as societies experiencing internal instability are less able to engage in outward conflict. In this case, flood failure coincided with the cessation of Ptolemaic state conflict with the rivaling Seleucid Empire.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">While not the only source of instability in Ptolemaic Egypt, Nile flood failure helps to contextualize the formerly poorly understood revolts of the time and patterns of Ptolemaic military mobilization.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"attachment_386\" style=\"width: 745px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-386\" class=\" wp-image-386\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2020\/11\/unnamed-copy-300x140.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"735\" height=\"343\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2020\/11\/unnamed-copy-300x140.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2020\/11\/unnamed-copy-1024x477.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2020\/11\/unnamed-copy-768x358.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2020\/11\/unnamed-copy-1536x716.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2020\/11\/unnamed-copy-2048x954.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2020\/11\/unnamed-copy-624x291.jpg 624w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 735px) 100vw, 735px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-386\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A graph of volcanic sulphate (gray columns) from Greenland ice cores, indicating volcanic eruptions, with historical revolts superimposed in triangles. Triangles pointed up are not associated with volcanic eruptions, while triangles pointed down are. The graph shows the possible relationship between volcanic eruptions and revolts (from Manning and Ludlow, 2016, p. 167).<\/p><\/div>\n<h2><strong>Further exploration<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Presently, we are in a relatively quiet volcanic period, but 70% of the world\u2019s population relies on monsoon-dependent agricultural systems, similar to those used in Ptolemaic Egypt. These findings of the relationship between the patterns of failed flooding and droughts due to disrupted monsoon systems as a result of volcanic eruptions may be a warning of what a volcanically active future may look like.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>References and additional resources<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Manning, J. G., et al. \u201cVolcanic Suppression of Nile Summer Flooding Triggers Revolt and Constrains Interstate Conflict in Ancient Egypt.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nature Communications<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, vol. 8, no. 1, 2017, pp. 1\u20139. DOI: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-017-00957-y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">10.1038\/s41467-017-00957-y<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Manning, J. G., and Ludlow, F. \u201cRevolts under the Ptolemies\u202f: A Paleoclimatological Perspective.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Revolt and Resistance in the Ancient Classical World and the Near East: In the Crucible of Empire<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, edited by Collins, J. J. and Manning, J. G. Brill, 2016.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mark, J. J. \u201cAncient Egyptian Agriculture.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ancient History Encyclopedia<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. 2017.<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/article\/997\/ancient-egyptian-agriculture\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/article\/997\/ancient-egyptian-agriculture\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mayer, J. and Young, L. \u201cThe Art And History Shaped By Volcanic Winters.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Science Friday<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. 2019. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencefriday.com\/articles\/the-art-and-history-shaped-by-volcanic-winters\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.sciencefriday.com\/articles\/the-art-and-history-shaped-by-volcanic-winters\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">McConnell, J. R., et al. \u201cExtreme Climate after Massive Eruption of Alaska\u2019s Okmok Volcano in 43 BCE and Effects on the Late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, vol. 117, no. 27, 2020, pp. 15443\u201349. DOI: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2002722117\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">10.1073\/pnas.2002722117<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">St. Fleur, N. \u201cVolcanoes Helped Violent Revolts Erupt in Ancient Egypt.\u201d <i style=\"font-size: 1rem\">The New York Times<\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. 2017. <\/span><a style=\"font-size: 1rem\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2017\/10\/17\/science\/volcanoes-ancient-egypt-revolts.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2017\/10\/17\/science\/volcanoes-ancient-egypt-revolts.html<\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>How to cite this page<\/h3>\n<p><em>Nile River Flood Failure in Ptolemaic Ancient Egypt (c. 300 BCE)<\/em>. (2022, June 6). Climate in Global Cultures and Histories: Promoting Climate Literacy Across Disciplines. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/nile-river-flood-failure-in-ptolemaic-ancient-egypt-c-300-bce\/\">https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/nile-river-flood-failure-in-ptolemaic-ancient-egypt-c-300-bce\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What happened? The Ptolemaic Egyptian Kingdom (305-30 BCE) was the longest and last Egyptian dynasty, and was the wealthiest and most powerful successor state of Alexander the Great. The dynasty, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":308,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-384","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Nile River Flood Failure in Ptolemaic Ancient Egypt (c. 300 BCE) - Climate in Arts and History<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/nile-river-flood-failure-in-ptolemaic-ancient-egypt-c-300-bce\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Nile River Flood Failure in Ptolemaic Ancient Egypt (c. 300 BCE) - Climate in Arts and History\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"What happened? 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