{"id":3249,"date":"2025-08-15T15:23:04","date_gmt":"2025-08-15T15:23:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/?page_id=3249"},"modified":"2026-04-02T04:25:30","modified_gmt":"2026-04-02T04:25:30","slug":"mandarin","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/mandarin\/","title":{"rendered":"Mandarin Chinese"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"3249\" class=\"elementor elementor-3249\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1a1802ff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1a1802ff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71e25d20\" data-id=\"71e25d20\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c7fa6d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3c7fa6d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><strong>This page contains the following sections:<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"#where-is-mandarin-spoken\"><strong>Where is Mandarin Chinese spoken?<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#climate-education-mandarin\"><strong>Climate education in China<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><strong><a href=\"#climate-and-culture-mandarin\">Climate and culture in<\/a>:<\/strong><ul><li><a href=\"#climate-and-culture-china\">China<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#climate-and-culture-taiwan\">Taiwan<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#language-practice-mandarin\"><strong>Language practice<\/strong><\/a> (in progress)<\/li><li><strong><a href=\"#mandarin-references\">References and additional resources<\/a><\/strong><\/li><\/ul><h3><span style=\"color: #000000\"><b><a id=\"where-is-mandarin-spoken\"><\/a>Where is Mandarin Chinese spoken? (\u54ea\u4e2a\u5730\u533a\u8bf4\u666e\u901a\u8bdd)<\/b><\/span><\/h3><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">Mandarin Chinese is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world with over 1 billion speakers. The vast majority of Mandarin speakers live in Asia. Mandarin is an official language in Mainland China, Taiwan, and Singapore (map below). While it is not an official language there, Mandarin is also widely spoken in Indonesia and Malaysia.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div id=\"attachment_3250\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3250\" class=\"wp-image-3250\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/img1-300x200.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/img1-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/img1-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/img1-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/img1-624x416.png 624w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/img1-272x182.png 272w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/img1.png 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-3250\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map showing in white where Mandarin Chinese is commonly spoken, and in green where Cantonese is more widely spoken (from Boland, 2020).<\/p><\/div><h3><b><a id=\"climate-education-mandarin\"><\/a>Climate education in China (\u4e2d\u56fd\u7684\u6c14\u5019\u6559\u80b2)<\/b><\/h3><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">You can learn more about climate education in China through the Monitoring and Evaluating Climate Communication and Education (MECCE) Project <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/mecce.ca\/data-platform\/climate-change-country-profile\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">here<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong>China (\u4e2d\u56fd)<\/strong><\/span><\/p><div id=\"attachment_3251\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3251\" class=\"wp-image-3251\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG2-300x286.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"573\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG2-300x286.png 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG2-768x733.png 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG2-624x596.png 624w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG2.png 859w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-3251\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of China, located in East Asia, west of the Pacific Ocean (from Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica).<\/p><\/div><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">China is currently the country with the highest carbon emissions (\u78b3\u6392\u653e) in the world, though it has a lower per capita emission rate compared to countries like the U.S.A. Some of China\u2019s greatest climate threats (\u6c14\u5019\u5a01\u80c1) include flooding (\u6d2a\u6c34), intense storms (\u66b4\u98ce\u96e8), and<\/span> <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/heat-waves-recent\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">heat waves<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\"> (\u70ed\u6d6a). Extreme weather conditions (\u6781\u7aef\u6c14\u5019\u6761\u4ef6) threaten people and agriculture in China. For example, irregular precipitation (\u4e0d\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\u964d\u6c34) is causing notable water shortages (\u6c34\u8d44\u6e90\u77ed\u7f3a) in Northern China.<\/span><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">As of 2020, China\u2019s average air temperature and sea levels have increased faster than in other countries. Scientists attribute the faster-than-average sea level rise (\u6d77\u5e73\u9762\u4e0a\u5347) to the local warming (\u5c40\u90e8\u53d8\u6696), thermal expansion of seawater, lower regional air pressure, anomalous winds, alongshore currents, and freshwater runoff (\u6de1\u6c34\u5f84\u6d41) due to melting of glaciers (<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u51b0\u5ddd\u878d\u5316<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">). Many highly populated coastal cities could be inundated with<\/span> <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/sea-level-rise-and-coastal-flooding-recent\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">rising sea levels<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">. For instance, if global temperatures increase on average by 2\u00b0C (3.6\u00b0F) above pre-industrial levels, the sea level is projected to rise by 6 m (19.7 ft) by 2200 and a significant portion of Shanghai will be underwater, displacing an estimated 43 million people.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">According to a 2021 study by Yang and coauthors published by the American Geophysical Union, most of the Chinese public confuse climate change (\u6c14\u5019\u53d8\u5316) with more local environmental issues like regional air pollution (\u7a7a\u6c14\u6c61\u67d3) and weather events. Many public awareness campaigns are focused on bringing higher social attention to climate change in China. For example, a 2016 event in Hong Kong called the Inter-School Cross-Curricular Project Competition on Climate Change educated students, teachers, and government officials through seminars and interactive workshops taught by climate experts.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">China has several nationwide climate education policies encouraging climate awareness among youth. For instance, the Guidelines for the Implementation of Environmental Education in Primary and Secondary Schools released by the Chinese Ministry of Education in 2003 require students to understand and discuss the causes of environmental disruptions (\u73af\u5883\u7834\u574f).\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">The Chinese government has made several efforts to improve climate education at the higher education level. In 2022, the Ministry of Education enacted an action plan for training a green workforce to plateau carbon emissions by 2030. The Chinese government has also enacted the Action Plan for Strengthening the Construction of Carbon Peak and Carbon-Neutral Talent Training System which established training programs that teach university educators green and low-carbon research skills. This action plan also encourages higher education institutions to invest in climate change and carbon neutrality research.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">A notable example of environmental restoration in China is the restoration of the Loess Plateau (image below), located in north-central China. The plateau is a highland area positioned around the Yellow River Basin and is home to more than 5 million people. While the Loess Plateau was known historically as the \u201cbreadbasket of China\u201d, centuries of mismanagement\u2013particularly overgrazing and planting crops on slopes\u2013led to severe erosion and desertification across the plateau. In the early 1990s, China\u2019s government partnered with the World Bank to repair the ecological damage in the Yellow River\u2019s watersheds and help local communities on the plateau. Restoration strategies included: creating reservoirs to store water from seasonal rains (to avoid depleting limited aquifers), building warped dams in the river valley to create flat fields for farming and prevent erosion, terracing slopes to increase water and soil retention as well as crop yield, and eventually planting vegetation on terraced slopes to bind the soil and prevent further erosion. The restoration project was successful in making the Loess Plateau suitable for agriculture once more, while also reducing the risk of flooding from the Yellow River and increasing the income of the plateau\u2019s residents.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div id=\"attachment_3252\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3252\" class=\"wp-image-3252\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG3-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG3-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG3-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG3-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG3-624x468.jpg 624w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG3.jpg 1170w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-3252\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A photo of the Loess Plateau, located in north-central China, after restoration efforts (from Regeneration International, 2016). Erosion and desertification of the plateau has significantly decreased due to the sustainable management strategies implemented since the 1990s.<\/p><\/div><p><span style=\"color: #000000\"><b><a id=\"climate-and-culture-mandarin\"><\/a>Climate and culture in selected Mandarin-speaking regions (\u666e\u901a\u8bdd\u56fd\u5bb6\u7684\u6c14\u5019\u548c\u6587\u5316)<\/b><\/span><\/p><p><strong><span style=\"color: #000000\"><a id=\"climate-and-culture-china\"><\/a>China (\u4e2d\u56fd)<\/span><\/strong><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">China is a vast country in eastern Asia bordering the Pacific Ocean to the east (map above). This country\u2019s climate is influenced by oceanic and continental air masses that affect humidity (\u6e7f\u5ea6) and temperature (\u6e29\u5ea6). In the summer, the Pacific air mass dominates Eastern China\u2019s climate, bringing heavier rainfall and warmer temperatures. During the winter, the Siberian air mass from the north brings colder and drier weather to China.<\/span><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">China has a complex topography (\u5730\u5f62) and, as a result, a variety of climatic conditions (map below). Generally, temperatures are higher and precipitation (\u964d\u96e8\u91cf) is greatest in southeast China. Conversely, it is the coldest and driest in the northwestern region.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><div id=\"attachment_3253\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3253\" class=\"wp-image-3253\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG3-300x145.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"290\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG3-300x145.png 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG3-1024x495.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG3-768x371.png 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG3-1536x742.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG3-624x301.png 624w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG3.png 1642w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-3253\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of the varying climate regions in China (from Encyclopedia Britannica, 2024). China\u2019s climate zones range from the subarctic region in the northeast to arid deserts in the west and tropical rainforests in the southeast.<\/p><\/div><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">Clothing styles in China are tied to the climate of the regions they are worn in. For instance, hanfu (\u6c49\u670d) is the name of the traditional garments worn by the Han Chinese people, the largest ethnic group in China and the world. The early Han people originally spoke the language Hanyu (\u6c49\u8bed), which later developed into modern Mandarin Chinese. Hanfu originated during the Han Dynasty (206 BCE to 220 CE) and was designed to reflect the ideals of Confucianism, the predominant religion and philosophy at the time. Specific styles vary by region and culture, but the major components of Hanfu are the Yi (tunic top), Chang (skirt), and Shang (draped skirt\/pants).<\/span><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">While the stylistic elements of Hanfu are consistent throughout China, the fabrics vary by region and climate. For example, Hanfu from Northern China, where winter temperatures commonly reach -20\u00b0C (-4\u00b0F), are made of warmer fabrics like wool. In the South, where the climate is tropical, Hanfu is made from light silks and linens. In western China, the climate varies by topography and the region is divided into deserts, plateaus, and steppes. Temperatures in western China fluctuate greatly between seasons, and Hanfu from this region is made from a versatile blend of local and imported materials.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><div id=\"attachment_3254\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3254\" class=\"wp-image-3254\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG5-300x234.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"468\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG5-300x234.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG5-1024x798.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG5-768x599.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG5-624x486.jpg 624w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG5.jpg 1537w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-3254\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A photograph of college students wearing different kinds of hanfu (Wikimedia Commons, 2021). The material a hanfu is made of will often depend on the climate of the region it comes from: Northern Chinese hanfu are warmer and made of wool, Southern Chinese hanfu are lighter and made of silk.<\/p><\/div><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">Climate also influences regional food in China. In fact, the Sichuan region, located in southwestern China (map below), is famous for its spicy food, which holds local cultural significance as heat from the food is meant to remove excess moisture from the body.\u00a0<\/span><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">This densely populated region sits on the upper Yangtze River and contains many valleys, which contribute to its mild and humid climate. The relative humidity is often high in the eastern Sichuan region, which receives over 40 inches (1 meter) of precipitation annually. In the summer, Sichuan gets very warm and humid, while in the winter it is chilly and damp.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><div id=\"attachment_3255\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3255\" class=\"wp-image-3255\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG6-300x218.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"435\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG6-300x218.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG6-1024x742.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG6-768x557.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG6-1536x1114.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG6-624x452.jpg 624w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG6.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-3255\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of the Sichuan region of China, the most populous and second-largest province in the country (from Suettinger and Hu, 2024).<\/p><\/div><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none\"><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">Many popular spicy dishes from Sichuan include chili peppers, which were introduced in China by Portuguese traders in the 16th century. Other spices like cinnamon, peppercorn, and cardamon are combined with chili to create flavorful cuisine. Mapo tofu (image below, left)\u2013 made of silken tofu, black beans, and ground beef\u2013 and dan dan mian (image below, right)\u2013 a noodle dish topped with cooked meat and pickled vegetables flavored with spices\u2013 are two popular foods originating from the Sichuan region.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-3256\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG7-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG7-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG7-624x468.jpg 624w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG7.jpg 750w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/p><div id=\"attachment_3257\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3257\" class=\"wp-image-3257\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG8-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG8-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG8-624x468.jpg 624w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG8.jpg 750w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-3257\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photographs of mapo tofu (top, from Distefano, 2020) and dan dan mian (bottom, from Distefano, 2020), two popular traditional dishes from the Sichuan region in China. The spiciness of Sichuan cuisine is attributed to its humid climate\u2013it is commonly believed that the heat from the food removes excess moisture from your body.<\/p><\/div><p><strong><span style=\"color: #000000\"><a id=\"climate-and-culture-taiwan\"><\/a>Taiwan (\u53f0\u6e7e)<\/span><\/strong><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">Taiwan is a subtropical island in the western Pacific Ocean (map below). The country has long, hot summers and short, cool winters. Taiwan\u2019s climate is also impacted by monsoons (\u5b63\u98ce), which are seasonal wind patterns that bring heavy moisture in the summer and dry air in the winter. Summers reach an average peak temperature of 29\u00b0C (84\u00b0F) with plentiful rainfall (\u964d\u96e8) brought on by the summer monsoon. Winters, on the other hand, are cooler with average high temperatures around 19\u00b0C (66\u00b0F).<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div id=\"attachment_3258\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3258\" class=\"wp-image-3258\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG9-300x249.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"497\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG9-300x249.gif 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG9-1024x849.gif 1024w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG9-768x636.gif 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG9-1536x1273.gif 1536w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG9-624x517.gif 624w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-3258\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of Taiwan, an island in the western Pacific Ocean off the coast of mainland China (from Encyclopedia Britannica, 2024).<\/p><\/div><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">Taiwanese culture is influenced by that of the Han Chinese and Indigenous Taiwanese people. The Tsou people are one of the many Indigenous Taiwanese people who are being impacted by climate change. The Dendrobium or golden grass orchid (image below left), referred to as the God Flower, is a culturally important flower to the Tsou. The God Flower is regarded as a gateway to the gods and is traditionally placed on the roofs of Kuba, a hall used for spiritual ceremonies like Mayasvi, a three-day religious festival (image below right).<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div id=\"attachment_3259\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3259\" class=\"wp-image-3259\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG10-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG10-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG10-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG10-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG10-624x351.jpg 624w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG10.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-3259\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photograph of the Dendrobium orchid or golden grass orchid, known as the God Flower to the Indigenous Tsou people in Taiwan (above).<\/p><\/div><div id=\"attachment_3260\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3260\" class=\"wp-image-3260\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG11-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG11-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG11-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG11-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG11-624x351.jpg 624w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/08\/IMG11.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-3260\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photograph of Tsou people participating in the Mayasvi festival, an important cultural ceremony (right)(from McGovern, 2023).<\/p><\/div><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none\"><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">The God Flower is disappearing as a result of climate change. To bloom, the golden grass orchid must experience winter temperatures below 12\u00b0C (54\u00b0F). However, climate change is raising average temperatures. Climatologists believe that winters in Taiwan will heat up from 12-14\u00b0C (54-57\u00b0F) to 14-16\u00b0C (57-61\u00b0F) on average by 2050. Droughts (\u5e72\u65f1) are also becoming more frequent, further threatening the abundance of the God Flower.<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><h3><span style=\"color: #000000\"><b><a id=\"language-practice-mandarin\"><\/a>Language practice: vocabulary, grammar, and transla<span style=\"color: #000000\">tion challenge<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/h3><p><span style=\"color: #000000\">In progress.<\/span><\/p><h3><span style=\"color: #000000\"><b><a id=\"mandarin-references\"><\/a>References and additional resources<\/b><\/span><\/h3><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201c\u66f2\u961c\u5e2b\u7bc4\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u6d19\u6cd7\u90e8\u306e\u5199\u771f.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Wikimedia Commons<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. April 2021. <\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:%E6%9B%B2%E9%98%9C%E5%B8%AB%E7%AF%84%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E3%81%AE%E6%B4%99%E6%B3%97%E9%83%A8%E3%81%AE%E5%86%99%E7%9C%9F.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:\u66f2\u961c\u5e2b\u7bc4\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u6d19\u6cd7\u90e8\u306e\u5199\u771f.jpg<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Boyd-Moss, G. \u201cRestoring China&#8217;s Loess Plateau, China.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">ArcGIS StoryMaps<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. October 2022. <\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/storymaps.arcgis.com\/stories\/0aad088bf1ba46db8af3cc62bc2e88cc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/storymaps.arcgis.com\/stories\/0aad088bf1ba46db8af3cc62bc2e88cc<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cChina.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica<\/span><\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">. February 2025.<\/span> <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/China\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/China<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cCCE Country Profile: China.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Monitoring and Evaluating Climate Communication and Education Project<\/span><\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">.<\/span> <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/mecce.ca\/country_profiles\/cce-country-profile-china\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/mecce.ca\/country_profiles\/cce-country-profile-china\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cClimate change in China.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Wikipedia<\/span><\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">. July 2024.<\/span> <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_China&amp;action=history\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_China&amp;action=history<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cClimate &#8211; China.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climates to Travel: World Climate Guide<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. n.d. <\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.climatestotravel.com\/climate\/china\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.climatestotravel.com\/climate\/china<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cClimate Regions of China.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Encyclopedia Britannica Kids.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> 2024. <\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/kids.britannica.com\/students\/assembly\/view\/137856\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/kids.britannica.com\/students\/assembly\/view\/137856<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cClimate &#8211; Taiwan.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climates to Travel: World Climate Guide<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. n.d. <\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.climatestotravel.com\/climate\/taiwan#seasons\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.climatestotravel.com\/climate\/taiwan#seasons<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Copper, J. C. \u201cTaiwan.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Encyclopedia Britannica<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. June 2024. <\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Taiwan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Taiwan<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Distefano, J. \u201cMore Than M\u00e1l\u00e1: A Deeper Introduction to Sichuan Cuisine.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Serious Eats<\/span><\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">.<\/span> January 2020. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.seriouseats.com\/what-is-sichuan-szechuan-chinese-cuisine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.seriouseats.com\/what-is-sichuan-szechuan-chinese-cuisine<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Elman, B. and Twitchett, D. C., \u201cChina.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Encyclopedia Britannica<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. June 2024. <\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/China\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/China<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">HanfuSupplier. \u201cWhat are the regional variations of Hanfu?\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">HanfuSupplier<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. January 2024. <\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hanfusupplier.com\/post\/what-are-the-regional-variations-of-hanfu#Northern_Region_Variations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.hanfusupplier.com\/post\/what-are-the-regional-variations-of-hanfu#Northern_Region_Variations<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hiller, B. and Liu, J. \u201cA Continuing Inquiry Into Ecosystem Restoration: Examples From China\u2019s Loess Plateau and Locations Worldwide and their Emerging Implications.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Regeneration International<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. January 2016. <\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/regenerationinternational.org\/2016\/01\/22\/a-continuing-inquiry-into-ecosystem-restoration-examples-from-chinas-loess-plateau-and-locations-worldwide-and-their-emerging-implications\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/regenerationinternational.org\/2016\/01\/22\/a-continuing-inquiry-into-ecosystem-restoration-examples-from-chinas-loess-plateau-and-locations-worldwide-and-their-emerging-implications\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cImpact of Climate Change In Singapore.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">NCCS Singapore<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. n.d. <\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nccs.gov.sg\/singapores-climate-action\/impact-of-climate-change-in-singapore\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.nccs.gov.sg\/singapores-climate-action\/impact-of-climate-change-in-singapore\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Johnson, I. \u201cOn the Role of Chinese Religion in Environmental Protection.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The New York Times<\/span><\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">. October 2016.<\/span> <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/10\/18\/world\/asia\/china-religion-prasenjit-duara.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/10\/18\/world\/asia\/china-religion-prasenjit-duara.html<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Maizland, L. \u201cChina\u2019s Fight Against Climate Change and Environmental Degradation.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Council on Foreign Relations<\/span><\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">. May 2021.<\/span> <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/backgrounder\/china-climate-change-policies-environmental-degradation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/backgrounder\/china-climate-change-policies-environmental-degradation<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">McGovern, N. \u201cTaiwan: The \u2018God Flower\u2019 vanishing because of climate change.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">BBC News<\/span><\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">.<\/span> December 2023. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-asia-67342419\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-asia-67342419<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Quin Pollard, M. and Woo, R. \u201cChina\u2019s Glaciers in Retreat.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reuters Graphics<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. November 2020. <\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/graphics\/CLIMATE-CHANGE\/CHINA-GLACIER\/rlgvdamqnpo\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/graphics\/CLIMATE-CHANGE\/CHINA-GLACIER\/rlgvdamqnpo\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ravilious, K. &#8220;Terrawatch: why is sea level rising faster along China\u2019s coast?&#8221; <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Guardian<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. September 2022. <\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/science\/2022\/sep\/28\/terrawatch-why-is-sea-level-rising-faster-along-china-coast\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/science\/2022\/sep\/28\/terrawatch-why-is-sea-level-rising-faster-along-china-coast<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reuters. \u201cChina says coastal sea levels hit new high in 2022.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reuters<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. April 2023. <\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/environment\/china-says-coastal-sea-levels-hit-new-high-2022-2023-04-12\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/environment\/china-says-coastal-sea-levels-hit-new-high-2022-2023-04-12\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Strauss, B. \u201cCoastal Nations, Megacities Face 20 Feet of Sea Rise.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Climate Central<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. <\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.climatecentral.org\/news\/nations-megacities-face-20-feet-of-sea-level-rise-19217\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.climatecentral.org\/news\/nations-megacities-face-20-feet-of-sea-level-rise-19217<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Su, Q. G. \u201cWhere is Mandarin Spoken?\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">ThoughtCo<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. November 2019. <\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/where-is-mandarin-spoken-2278443\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.thoughtco.com\/where-is-mandarin-spoken-2278443<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Suettinger, R. L. and Hu, C. Y. \u201cSichuan.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Encyclopedia Britannica<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. July 2024. <\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Sichuan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Sichuan<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yang, J., Gounaridis, D., Liu, M., Bi, J., and Newell, J. \u201cPerceptions of Climate Change in China: Evidence From Surveys of Residents in Six Cities.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">American Geophysical Union (AGU)<\/span><\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">. November 2021.<\/span> <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1029\/2021EF002144\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1029\/2021EF002144<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3><span style=\"color: #000000\">How to cite this page<\/span><\/h3><p><span style=\"color: #000000\"><em>Mandarin<\/em>. (2025, August 15). Climate in Global Cultures and Histories: Promoting Climate Literacy Across Disciplines. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from<\/span>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/mandarin\">https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/mandarin<\/a><span style=\"color: #000000\">.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This page contains the following sections: Where is Mandarin Chinese spoken? Climate education in China Climate and culture in: China Taiwan Language practice (in progress) References and additional resources Where [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":313,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3249","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Mandarin Chinese - Climate in Arts and History<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/mandarin\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Mandarin Chinese - Climate in Arts and History\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"This page contains the following sections: Where is Mandarin Chinese spoken? 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