{"id":2349,"date":"2024-09-06T14:38:16","date_gmt":"2024-09-06T14:38:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/?page_id=2349"},"modified":"2026-10-06T18:14:48","modified_gmt":"2026-10-06T18:14:48","slug":"italian","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/italian\/","title":{"rendered":"Italian (<em>Italiano<\/em>)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2349\" class=\"elementor elementor-2349\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ea42673 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ea42673\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3b8c94b7\" data-id=\"3b8c94b7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-553520f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"553520f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3>This page contains the following sections:<\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"#where-is-italian-spoken\"><strong>Where is Italian spoken?<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#climate-education-italy\"><strong>Climate education in Italy<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#climate-and-culture-italy\"><strong>Climate and culture in Italy<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><strong><a href=\"#italian-references\">References and additional resources<\/a><\/strong><\/li><\/ul><h3><b><a id=\"where-is-italian-spoken\"><\/a>Where is Italian spoken? (<em>Dove si parla italiano?<\/em>)<\/b><\/h3><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are almost 70 million Italian speakers in the world, mostly in Italy (map below). It is the second most-spoken language in the European Union and is also the official language of San Marino, and Vatican City. Italian is one of the official languages in Switzerland and in parts of neighboring Slovenia and Croatia. Outside of Italy, there are also significant Italian-speaking communities in some parts of Monaco, Malta, Albania, Montenegro, Greece, Eritrea, Libya, Ethiopia, Somalia, and Tunisia.\u00a0 <\/span><\/li><\/ul><div id=\"attachment_2357\" style=\"width: 1430px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2357\" class=\"wp-image-2357 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-01-at-10.37.37\u202fPM-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1420\" height=\"1360\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-01-at-10.37.37\u202fPM-1.png 1420w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-01-at-10.37.37\u202fPM-1-300x287.png 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-01-at-10.37.37\u202fPM-1-1024x981.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-01-at-10.37.37\u202fPM-1-768x736.png 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-01-at-10.37.37\u202fPM-1-624x598.png 624w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1420px) 100vw, 1420px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2357\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of Italy in southern Europe, along the northern shores of the Mediterranean Sea (from Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica).<\/p><\/div><h3><b><a id=\"climate-education-italy\"><\/a>Climate Education in Italy (<em>L\u2019educazione al clima in Italia<\/em>)<\/b><\/h3><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">You can learn more about climate education in Italy through the Monitoring and Evaluating Climate Communication and Education (MECCE) Project <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/mecce.ca\/country_profiles\/cce-country-profile-italy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">here<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Italy\u2019s greatest climate threats include rising temperatures and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/heat-waves-recent\/\">heat waves<\/a> (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">ondata di caldo<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">), droughts (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">siccit\u00e0<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">), flooding (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">allagamento<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">), and sea level rise (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">innalzamento del livello del mare<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">). These threats greatly impact Italy\u2019s infrastructure, agriculture, and public health.<\/span><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">According to the International Energy Association in 2022, the average annual temperature in Italy rose by one degree Celsius (1.8 degrees Fahrenheit) in the last 100 years, and has been rising at an even faster rate in more recent years. This increase in temperature has led to several <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">heat waves<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0sweeping the country, especially high-altitude areas, in spring and summer seasons. In 2023, a heat wave named \u201cCerberus\u201d (like the three-headed dog from Greek mythology) by the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Societ\u00e0 Meteorologica Italiana<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (Italian Meteorological Society) hit Italy with temperatures as high as 45\u00b0C (113\u00b0F) (image below). Additionally, the associated heat dome (a high pressure area that stays in one place for an extended period of time and traps hot air underneath) was so intense that the Italian health ministry issued a \u201crisk of death\u201d red alert for 27 cities.<\/span><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Heat waves are also a threat to public health, since they increase the risk of heat-related illnesses in vulnerable populations like children and the elderly. In 2022, over 18,000 heat related deaths were reported in Italy, with 61,672 total deaths attributed to heat waves in Europe that year.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><div id=\"attachment_2354\" style=\"width: 2096px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2354\" class=\"wp-image-2354 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-10-at-4.56.22\u202fPM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2086\" height=\"1384\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-10-at-4.56.22\u202fPM.png 2086w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-10-at-4.56.22\u202fPM-300x199.png 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-10-at-4.56.22\u202fPM-1024x679.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-10-at-4.56.22\u202fPM-768x510.png 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-10-at-4.56.22\u202fPM-1536x1019.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-10-at-4.56.22\u202fPM-2048x1359.png 2048w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-10-at-4.56.22\u202fPM-624x414.png 624w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2086px) 100vw, 2086px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2354\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A photo of Italians trying to cool off in a public fountain during the Cerberus heat wave in 2023 (from politico.com, 2023).<\/p><\/div><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none\"><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The increase in temperature has also led to changes in precipitation patterns: some regions in Italy are experiencing drought conditions, while other regions are getting flooded. Droughts, in particular, have become a serious issue in 2022 when the Po River reached record low water levels (image below). These dry conditions have seriously impacted Italy\u2019s agricultural sector, which is economically and culturally significant to the country, as well as Italian hydroelectric power generation, which provides about one-fifth of the country\u2019s energy.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><div id=\"attachment_2351\" style=\"width: 1250px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2351\" class=\"wp-image-2351 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/ap22167654722666.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1240\" height=\"826\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/ap22167654722666.jpg 1240w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/ap22167654722666-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/ap22167654722666-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/ap22167654722666-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/ap22167654722666-624x416.jpg 624w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/ap22167654722666-272x182.jpg 272w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1240px) 100vw, 1240px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2351\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A photo of a barge from World War II on the banks of the Po River (from CBS News, 2022). During<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0recent drought episodes<\/span> the water levels of the Po River have dropped significantly, causing old, wrecked ships to emerge to the surface.<\/p><\/div><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none\"><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The abnormally intense rainfall caused by climate change has created many landslides and rock falls in Italy, most notably in 2022 when a landslide in Ischia killed 12 people. A study by the European Climate and Health Observatory found that 43% of recorded deadly landslides in Europe were in Italy or Turkey, and more landslides were recorded in the last five years of the duration of the study (1995-2014) than in the first half of the study. Other side effects of climate change, like wildfires and sea level rise, can further weaken the structural integrity of soil and increase the likelihood of a landslide occurring.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><div id=\"attachment_2669\" style=\"width: 2400px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2669\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2669\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/02\/Screenshot-2025-02-14-at-9.52.16\u202fAM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2390\" height=\"1346\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/02\/Screenshot-2025-02-14-at-9.52.16\u202fAM.png 2390w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/02\/Screenshot-2025-02-14-at-9.52.16\u202fAM-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/02\/Screenshot-2025-02-14-at-9.52.16\u202fAM-1024x577.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/02\/Screenshot-2025-02-14-at-9.52.16\u202fAM-768x433.png 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/02\/Screenshot-2025-02-14-at-9.52.16\u202fAM-1536x865.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/02\/Screenshot-2025-02-14-at-9.52.16\u202fAM-2048x1153.png 2048w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/02\/Screenshot-2025-02-14-at-9.52.16\u202fAM-624x351.png 624w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2390px) 100vw, 2390px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2669\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A photo of the aftermath of a deadly landslide in November 2022 in Ischia, a volcanic island in the Gulf of Naples, Italy (Euronews, 2022).<\/p><\/div><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none\"><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none\"><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Flooding has also become more common, as precipitation has intensified while also becoming more infrequent. The ground in drought-stricken regions has been hit with intense rainfall without being able to absorb the water, leading to rivers overflowing rapidly (image below).<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><div id=\"attachment_2352\" style=\"width: 1790px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2352\" class=\"wp-image-2352 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-13-at-3.32.42\u202fPM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1780\" height=\"1174\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-13-at-3.32.42\u202fPM.png 1780w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-13-at-3.32.42\u202fPM-300x198.png 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-13-at-3.32.42\u202fPM-1024x675.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-13-at-3.32.42\u202fPM-768x507.png 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-13-at-3.32.42\u202fPM-1536x1013.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-13-at-3.32.42\u202fPM-624x412.png 624w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1780px) 100vw, 1780px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2352\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A photo of rescuers evacuating residents in the flooded streets of Lugo, a city in Northern Italy that experienced severe flooding in May 2023 (from The Atlantic, 2023).<\/p><\/div><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none\"><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Italy has about 7,900 km (4,908 mi) of coastline, which means that sea level rise is a notable threat to the country. The Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change projects that the rise in sea levels for the country by 2050 will be between about 0.18 m (7 in) and 0.23 m (9 in).<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">According to a 2021-2022 European Investment Bank survey, the majority of Italians believe in and are concerned about climate change (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">cambiamento climatico<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">), but also are skeptical about their government\u2019s ability and motivation to tackle this important issue. In the survey, 91% of Italians feel that climate change has an impact on their daily life and 86% of the population also believe that they are more concerned about the climate emergency than their government.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Italian policies on climate change education (CCE) are influenced by the broader goals of the formal education system: Law 13th July n.107 \u2018La Buona Scuola\u2019 (2015), for example, focuses heavily on teaching students about sustainability and how to be global citizens. Similar education plans and guidelines for Italian schools emphasize developing ecologically sustainable behaviors and habits, as well as useful skills for the \u201cgreen\u201d and \u201cblue\u201d economies (economic systems based around environmentalist principles and marine conservation, respectively).<\/span><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In 2019, Italy made climate change education mandatory in schools, requiring students to learn for at least 33 hours about \u201cCivics Education\u201d, which includes climate change. The Implementation Guidelines for Civics Education also state that sustainable development (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">sviluppo sostenibile<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) is one of the pillars of the curriculum.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Later, in September 2020, the new guidelines for CCE (Attachments A of Decree no. 35\/2020) specifically cited the United Nations 2030 Agenda\u2019s 17 goals, which \u201c<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">do not only concern the protection of the environment and natural resources, but also the construction of living environments, cities \u2026 that are inclusive and respectful of the fundamental rights of people\u2026. These core aspects, which in any case find provision and protection in many articles of the [Italian] Constitution, include issues relating to health, education, environmental protection, respect for animals and common goods, civil protection<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u201c<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Because of the heavy emphasis on teaching sustainable and environmentally conscious behavior in Italian CCE, youth organizations like the Italian Youth Think Tank on Intergenerational Equity have been recognized as important partners in furthering the public\u2019s knowledge about climate change and spurring them into action. This Think Tank\u00a0 drafted a policy proposal to implement the idea that future generations have a legitimate expectation to the same resources present generations have, in respect to the Paris Agreement (one of the most important international treaties on climate change adopted in 2015).<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><div id=\"attachment_2356\" style=\"width: 2064px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2356\" class=\"wp-image-2356 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-02-at-2.35.05\u202fPM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2054\" height=\"1370\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-02-at-2.35.05\u202fPM.png 2054w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-02-at-2.35.05\u202fPM-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-02-at-2.35.05\u202fPM-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-02-at-2.35.05\u202fPM-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-02-at-2.35.05\u202fPM-1536x1024.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-02-at-2.35.05\u202fPM-2048x1366.png 2048w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-02-at-2.35.05\u202fPM-624x416.png 624w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-02-at-2.35.05\u202fPM-272x182.png 272w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2054px) 100vw, 2054px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2356\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A photograph of teenagers participating in Fridays for Future (also known as School Strike for Climate) in Rome (from Solaro, 2019).<\/p><\/div><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The degree to which CCE is included in school curricula, however, is up to individual schools to decide, so evaluating Italian CCE as a whole is difficult. The Monitoring and Evaluating Climate Communication and Education (MECCE) Project evaluated Italian CCE in a few ways, like studying the distribution of certain themes and keywords like \u201cclimate change\u201d(<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">cambiamento climatico<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) and \u201cenvironment\u201d(<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">ambiente<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) in Italy\u2019s National Curriculum Framework and Education Sector Plan. The results of that study showed that the environment in general was mentioned more (69%) than sustainability (20%) and climate change (11%), and biodiversity was not mentioned at all.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3><b><a id=\"climate-and-culture-italy\"><\/a>Climate and culture in Italy (<em>Clima e cultura in Italia<\/em>)<\/b><\/h3><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Italy is geographically located in the temperate zone (the space between the Tropic of Cancer (23.4\u00b0 above the equator) and the Arctic Circle), but climate still varies considerably from the mountainous regions in the north to the southernmost islands (map below). These regional differences mean that temperature and precipitation in Italy also vary depending on the location\/climate zone, as well as the season.<\/span><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The average temperature in Italy is 14.4\u00b0C (57.9\u00b0F) and the average precipitation is 601.1 mm (23.7 in) per year. The average temperature in Italy rose from 13.5\u00b0C (56.4\u00b0F) in 2021 to 14.4\u00b0C (or 57.9\u00b0F) in 2022. Meanwhile, the average precipitation has fallen from 734.2 mm (28.9 in) in 2021 to 601.1 mm (23.7 in) in 2022.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Italy has six different climate zones, each with their own unique seasonal patterns of temperature and precipitation (map below).<\/span><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Alpine zone has long frigid winters, short cool summers, and abundant rainfall and snowfall.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Pandana zone has long winters as well, but summers are hot and precipitation is concentrated in the spring and autumn seasons.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Apennine zone has cold winters and hot summers, with rainfall being most abundant on the western, Tyrrhenian side.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Due to the proximity to the sea and mountains blocking colder northern winds, winters are mild and summers are hot in the Tyrrhenian zone.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Adriatic zone is cooler than the Tyrrhenian zone due to the Adriatic Sea being shallower and smaller, and precipitation is scarce and irregular.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The South-eastern zone and Islands have a somewhat subtropical climate, with high temperatures and infrequent precipitation.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><div id=\"attachment_2359\" style=\"width: 383px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2359\" class=\"wp-image-2359 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Italian_Climate.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"373\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Italian_Climate.jpg 373w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Italian_Climate-249x300.jpg 249w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 373px) 100vw, 373px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2359\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A map of Italy\u2019s six climate zones (from italianonline.org). Due to geographical differences within the peninsula, including the distribution of mountain ranges and proximity to the sea, the Italian climate can differ greatly depending on location, with northern Italy generally being cooler than southern Italy.<\/p><\/div><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Italy has many seasonal festivals tied to the harvest season and specific crops. One of these festivals is the Feast of San Marino on November 11th, which is a Catholic holiday strongly tied to climate through its celebration of the harvest. Seasonal food and drink, like chestnuts (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">castagne<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">novello<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (young) wine , are traditionally consumed during the festival.<\/span><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">San Marino, or Saint Martin, is the patron saint of winemakers. There is also a story about this saint lending his cloak to a poor man and the weather changing from cold to warm and sunny, leading to the last instance of warm weather before winter being called a \u201cSan Martino summer\u201d.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are also several sayings associated with Saint Martin\u2019s Feast that relate to agricultural practices, like \u201c<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A San Martino sta meglio il grano al campo che al mulino<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201d (On St. Martin\u2019s Day it\u2019s better to have grain in the ground than in the mill), which advises farmers to finish sowing their seeds before the weather gets colder.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><div id=\"attachment_2355\" style=\"width: 810px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2355\" class=\"wp-image-2355 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Saint-Martin-Day-in-Italy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Saint-Martin-Day-in-Italy.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Saint-Martin-Day-in-Italy-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Saint-Martin-Day-in-Italy-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Saint-Martin-Day-in-Italy-624x468.jpg 624w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2355\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A photo of people enjoying chestnuts and novello wine for the Feast of San Martino (italianstorytellers.com). Both chestnuts and young wine made from recently harvested grapes are in season in autumn, when the festival takes place.<\/p><\/div><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Italy is well-known for its agricultural and culinary products like Chianti wine (image below) and Parmesan Reggiano cheese, which are only produced in Tuscany and Parma regions, respectively.\u00a0 Specific environmental conditions are required for their production: the taste of wine depends on seasonal weather, including temperature and the amount of precipitation, and the taste of Parmesan Reggiano \u2013 or to be more specific, the milk the cheese is made of \u2013 is highly dependent on the grass the cows graze on. Climate change poses a significant risk to these foods because it alters the conditions required for their production.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div id=\"attachment_2350\" style=\"width: 1808px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2350\" class=\"wp-image-2350 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-13-at-3.45.06\u202fPM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1798\" height=\"1338\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-13-at-3.45.06\u202fPM.png 1798w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-13-at-3.45.06\u202fPM-300x223.png 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-13-at-3.45.06\u202fPM-1024x762.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-13-at-3.45.06\u202fPM-768x572.png 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-13-at-3.45.06\u202fPM-1536x1143.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-13-at-3.45.06\u202fPM-624x464.png 624w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1798px) 100vw, 1798px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2350\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A vineyard in Tuscany, the only region in Italy where Chianti wine is made (from Cond\u00e9 Nast Traveler, 2012).<\/p><\/div><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Venice is a city in northern Italy that is historically and culturally significant, built on 120 islands connected by a complex network of 177 canals. It is especially notable for its art and architecture, influenced by its history as a port city that connected many parts of the world and received a multitude of goods and ideas from different cultures.\u00a0<\/span><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">However, Venice\u2019s close proximity to water makes it incredibly vulnerable to sea level rise. In 2019, Venice experienced its second-worst flooding event: the tide rose 187 cm (6.1 ft) above sea level, submerging about 80% of the city. These incidents of flooding are called <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">aqua alta<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (high water; image below). Since 1923, there have been only 10 recorded instances of the tide rising by more than 150 cm (59 in) in Venice and half of those instances occurred between 2019 and 2022. These trends indicate that flooding from sea level rise will become more severe and more frequent, with some projections estimating that Venice will be underwater by 2100.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><div id=\"attachment_2358\" style=\"width: 2040px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2358\" class=\"wp-image-2358 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-13-at-3.23.59\u202fPM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2030\" height=\"1338\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-13-at-3.23.59\u202fPM.png 2030w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-13-at-3.23.59\u202fPM-300x198.png 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-13-at-3.23.59\u202fPM-1024x675.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-13-at-3.23.59\u202fPM-768x506.png 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-13-at-3.23.59\u202fPM-1536x1012.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/Screenshot-2024-06-13-at-3.23.59\u202fPM-624x411.png 624w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2030px) 100vw, 2030px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2358\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A photo of the Piazza San Marco (St. Mark\u2019s Square) in Venice during aqua alta, or a severe flooding event, in October 2018 (from The Atlantic, 2018).<\/p><\/div><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none\"><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Many solutions have been proposed to alleviate the problems created by <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">aqua alta<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> events. The Mose (Experimental Electromechanical Module) project\u00a0 involves installing defensive barriers in the sea that act as gates and let ships in, while also creating a \u201ccoastal cordon\u201d that can minimize the severity of flooding (image below &#8211; add). The project has been in development since 1992, and might end up costing about 8 billion euros to fully construct, not\u00a0 including the cost of operating the barriers. Critics of the project have pointed out that the barriers are built to protect only against large rises in the water level, which means lower-lying areas like the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Piazza San Marco<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> would still be subject to flooding (image above). Additionally, if the gates are closed too often, sewage trapped inside might disrupt the ecosystem of the lagoon Venice is built on.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Another popular solution is a Dutch-style flood management system, using dams, dikes, barriers, and sluices (sliding gates) to efficiently minimize flood risk. While it would be effective and less detrimental to the city and its ecosystem, the construction of a Dutch-style flood management system\u00a0 would take\u00a0 even longer to complete because of its complexity.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><div id=\"attachment_2353\" style=\"width: 523px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2353\" class=\" wp-image-2353\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/05_bocca_di_lido-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"513\" height=\"342\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/05_bocca_di_lido-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/05_bocca_di_lido-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/05_bocca_di_lido-624x416.jpg 624w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/05_bocca_di_lido-272x182.jpg 272w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/05_bocca_di_lido.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 513px) 100vw, 513px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2353\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A photo of the MOSE project gates in the harbor mouth of Lido, a barrier island in the Venetian Lagoon (from Wikimedia Commons, 2012).<\/p><\/div><h3>Language Practice<\/h3><p><strong>Basic Italian Climate Vocabulary<\/strong><\/p><h3><strong><a id=\"italian-references\"><\/a>References and additional resources<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201c81% of Italians Are in Favour of Stricter Government Measures to Tackle Climate Change.\u201d European Investment Bank, European Investment Bank, 10 Nov. 2021, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.eib.org\/en\/press\/all\/2021-359-81-percent-of-italians-are-in-favour-of-stricter-government-measures-to-tackle-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.eib.org\/en\/press\/all\/2021-359-81-percent-of-italians-are-in-favour-of-stricter-government-measures-to-tackle-climate-change<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Aufli\u010d, M, et al. \u201cClimate change increases the number of landslides at the juncture of the Alpine, Pannonian and Mediterranean regions.\u201d Scientific Reports, vol. 13, no. 1, 27 Dec. 2023, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-50314-x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-50314-x<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bocca di lido<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. 2012. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Wikimedia Commons<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:05_bocca_di_lido.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:05_bocca_di_lido.jpg<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Brown, L. \u201cCharacteristics and Geographic Influence of Italian Wine.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Wine &amp; News<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, 25 Feb. 2024, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.wineandnews.com\/feature\/italy-wine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.wineandnews.com\/feature\/italy-wine<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Chiappa, C. \u201cItaly sees uptick in hospitalizations due to heat wave.\u201d Politico.com, Politico, July 19, 2023, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.politico.eu\/article\/italy-uptick-hospitalization-heat-wave-sweep-eu-continent\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.politico.eu\/article\/italy-uptick-hospitalization-heat-wave-sweep-eu-continent\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cCCE Country Profile: Italy.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">MECCE<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, 1 Mar. 2024, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/mecce.ca\/country_profiles\/cce-country-profile-italy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">mecce.ca\/country_profiles\/cce-country-profile-italy\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cClimate Change: More than 70% of Wine-Producing Areas at Risk by the End of the Century.\u201d WineNews, 29 Mar. 2024, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/winenews.it\/en\/climate-change-more-than-70-of-wine-producing-areas-at-risk-by-the-end-of-the-century_521909\/1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">winenews.it\/en\/climate-change-more-than-70-of-wine-producing-areas-at-risk-by-the-end-of-the-century_521909\/1\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cosgrove, D, and J. Foot. \u201cCanal Boats and Bridges.\u201d Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica, June 11, 2024, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Venice\/Canal-boats-and-bridges\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.britannica.com\/place\/Venice\/Canal-boats-and-bridges<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Delicious Italy Team. Feast of San Martino, Deliciousitaly, 30 Aug. 2023, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.deliciousitaly.com\/lombardia-itineraries\/feast-of-san-martino\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.deliciousitaly.com\/lombardia-itineraries\/feast-of-san-martino<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fordham, K. \u201cWine Tasting at Tuscany\u2019s Best Wineries.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cond\u00e9 Nast Traveler<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, Cond\u00e9 Nast Traveler, 3 Oct. 2014, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cntraveler.com\/galleries\/2014-10-03\/wine-tasting-at-tuscany-s-best-wineries\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.cntraveler.com\/galleries\/2014-10-03\/wine-tasting-at-tuscany-s-best-wineries<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Galindo, G. \u201cClimate Change Threatens the EU\u2019s Lucrative Culinary Treasures.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">POLITICO<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, POLITICO, 2 Sept. 2022, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.politico.eu\/article\/climate-change-puts-the-heat-on-the-eus-culinary-treasures\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.politico.eu\/article\/climate-change-puts-the-heat-on-the-eus-culinary-treasures\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Giordani, G. \u201cFridays for Future, 15 Marzo 2019: Oggi Migliaia Di Studenti Scendono in Piazza per Il Pianeta.\u201d Cosmopolitan , 15 Mar. 2019, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cosmopolitan.com\/it\/lifestyle\/a26829813\/fridays-for-future-studenti-in-piazza-per-il-pianeta\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.cosmopolitan.com\/it\/lifestyle\/a26829813\/fridays-for-future-studenti-in-piazza-per-il-pianeta\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cHow the Climate Crisis Is Impacting Italy.\u201d The Climate Reality Project, 26 Apr. 2024, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.climaterealityproject.org\/blog\/how-climate-crisis-impacting-italy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.climaterealityproject.org\/blog\/how-climate-crisis-impacting-italy<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Hughes, R. \u201cIschia Landslide Caused by Climate-Related Extremes, Experts Say.\u201d Euronews, 28 Nov. 2022, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.euronews.com\/green\/2022\/11\/28\/deadly-ischia-landslide-was-caused-by-climate-change-and-illegal-construction-experts-say\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.euronews.com\/green\/2022\/11\/28\/deadly-ischia-landslide-was-caused-by-climate-change-and-illegal-construction-experts-say<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cItalian Climate Change Protesters Turn Venice\u2019s Grand Canal Green | Reuters.\u201d Reuters, 10 Dec. 2023, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/europe\/italian-climate-change-protesters-turn-venices-grand-canal-green-2023-12-09\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.reuters.com\/world\/europe\/italian-climate-change-protesters-turn-venices-grand-canal-green-2023-12-09\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cItalian Speaking Countries 2024.\u201d Italian Speaking Countries 2024, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/worldpopulationreview.com\/country-rankings\/italian-speaking-countries\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">worldpopulationreview.com\/country-rankings\/italian-speaking-countries<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cItaly Average Precipitation.\u201d Trading Economics, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/tradingeconomics.com\/italy\/precipitation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">tradingeconomics.com\/italy\/precipitation<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cItaly Average Temperature.\u201d Trading Economics, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/tradingeconomics.com\/italy\/temperature\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">tradingeconomics.com\/italy\/temperature<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cItaly Climate Resilience Policy Indicator \u2013 Analysis.\u201d IEA, 30 May 2022, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.iea.org\/articles\/italy-climate-resilience-policy-indicator\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.iea.org\/articles\/italy-climate-resilience-policy-indicator<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cItaly\u2019s Largest River Dries up, Exposing World War II Barge That Sank in 1943.\u201d CBS News, CBS Interactive, 17 June 2022, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/po-river-italy-dries-up-exposes-1943-shipwreck-zibello\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.cbsnews.com\/news\/po-river-italy-dries-up-exposes-1943-shipwreck-zibello\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cLandslides.\u201d Climate ADAPT, European Climate and Health Observatory, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu\/en\/observatory\/evidence\/health-effects\/landslides\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu\/en\/observatory\/evidence\/health-effects\/landslides<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lovett, C, and J Foot. \u201cItaly.\u201d Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica, Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica, inc., 1 June 2024, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Italy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.britannica.com\/place\/Italy<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mantovani, G. \u201cThe Longest River in Italy Is Drying up: How Will Locals Survive?\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Euronews<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, 14 May 2022, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.euronews.com\/green\/2022\/05\/14\/the-longest-river-in-italy-is-drying-up-what-does-this-mean-for-those-who-rely-on-it-for-f\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.euronews.com\/green\/2022\/05\/14\/the-longest-river-in-italy-is-drying-up-what-does-this-mean-for-those-who-rely-on-it-for-f<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mezzofiore, G. \u201cItaly to Become First Country to Make Learning about Climate Change Compulsory for School Students.\u201d CNN, Cable News Network, 6 Nov. 2019, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2019\/11\/06\/europe\/italy-climate-change-school-intl-scli-scn\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">edition.cnn.com\/2019\/11\/06\/europe\/italy-climate-change-school-intl-scli-scn\/index.html<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nangeroni, G. et al. \u201cClimate of Italy.\u201d Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica, Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica, inc., <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Italy\/Climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.britannica.com\/place\/Italy\/Climate<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Niranjan, A. \u201cFrom Parched Earth to Landslides: Crisis in the Prosecco Hills of Italy.\u201d The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 8 June 2024, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/article\/2024\/jun\/08\/from-parched-earth-to-landslides-crisis-in-the-prosecco-hills-of-italy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.theguardian.com\/environment\/article\/2024\/jun\/08\/from-parched-earth-to-landslides-crisis-in-the-prosecco-hills-of-italy<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Phelan, J. \u201cItaly\u2019s Plan to Save Venice from Sinking.\u201d BBC News, BBC, 28 Sept. 2022, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20220927-italys-plan-to-save-venice-from-sinking\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20220927-italys-plan-to-save-venice-from-sinking<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Pierre-Louis, K. \u201cA Recipe for Climate Disaster.\u201d The Atlantic, Atlantic Media Company, 29 Mar. 2022, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/science\/archive\/2022\/03\/climate-change-heavy-rain-landslides-flood\/629404\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.theatlantic.com\/science\/archive\/2022\/03\/climate-change-heavy-rain-landslides-flood\/629404\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Ray, M. \u201cGrand Canal.\u201d Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica, Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica, inc., 9 May 2024, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Grand-Canal-Venice-Italy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.britannica.com\/topic\/Grand-Canal-Venice-Italy. Reuters<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Redazione. \u201cClimate Change: More than 70% of Wine-Producing Areas at Risk by the End of the Century.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">WineNews<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, WineNews, 29 Mar. 2024,<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/winenews.it\/en\/climate-change-more-than-70-of-wine-producing-areas-at-risk-by-the-end-of-the-century_521909\/1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">winenews.it\/en\/climate-change-more-than-70-of-wine-producing-areas-at-risk-by-the-end-of-the-century_521909\/1\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Saines, M. \u201cThe Sinking City: Maps Show Venice May Be Underwater Soon &#8211; GPS World.\u201d GPS World &#8211; The Business and Technology of Global Navigation and Positioning, 21 Aug. 2023, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.gpsworld.com\/the-sinking-city-maps-show-venice-may-be-underwater-soon\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.gpsworld.com\/the-sinking-city-maps-show-venice-may-be-underwater-soon\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Simone, R. Enciclopedia dell&#8217;italiano, Treccani, 2010.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Taylor, A. \u201cAcqua Alta, or Venice Underwater.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Atlantic<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, Atlantic Media Company, 30 Oct. 2018, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/photo\/2018\/10\/venice-under-water\/574396\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.theatlantic.com\/photo\/2018\/10\/venice-under-water\/574396\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Taylor, A. \u201cExtreme Weather Brings Deadly Flooding to Northern Italy.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Atlantic<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, Atlantic Media Company, 22 May 2023, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/photo\/2023\/05\/extreme-weather-flooding-northern-italy\/674131\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">www.theatlantic.com\/photo\/2023\/05\/extreme-weather-flooding-northern-italy\/674131\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cWeather in Italy.\u201d Italian Online, 31 Jan. 2022, <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/italianonline.org\/travel\/tips-inspiration\/weather-in-italy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">italianonline.org\/travel\/tips-inspiration\/weather-in-italy\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"list-style-type: none\"><h3>How to cite this page<\/h3><p><em>Italian<\/em>. (2024, February 21). Climate in Global Cultures and Histories: Promoting Climate Literacy Across Disciplines. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/italian\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/italian\/<\/a>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This page contains the following sections: Where is Italian spoken? Climate education in Italy Climate and culture in Italy References and additional resources Where is Italian spoken? (Dove si parla [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":312,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2349","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Italian (Italiano) - Climate in Arts and History<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/italian\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Italian (Italiano) - Climate in Arts and History\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"This page contains the following sections: Where is Italian spoken? Climate education in Italy Climate and culture in Italy References and additional resources Where is Italian spoken? (Dove si parla [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/italian\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Climate in Arts and History\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-10-06T18:14:48+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/ap22167654722666.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"15 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.science.smith.edu\\\/climatelit\\\/italian\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.science.smith.edu\\\/climatelit\\\/italian\\\/\",\"name\":\"Italian (Italiano) - Climate in Arts and History\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.science.smith.edu\\\/climatelit\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.science.smith.edu\\\/climatelit\\\/italian\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.science.smith.edu\\\/climatelit\\\/italian\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.science.smith.edu\\\/climatelit\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/97\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/ap22167654722666.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-09-06T14:38:16+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-10-06T18:14:48+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.science.smith.edu\\\/climatelit\\\/italian\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.science.smith.edu\\\/climatelit\\\/italian\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.science.smith.edu\\\/climatelit\\\/italian\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.science.smith.edu\\\/climatelit\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/97\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/ap22167654722666.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.science.smith.edu\\\/climatelit\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/sites\\\/97\\\/2024\\\/06\\\/ap22167654722666.jpg\",\"width\":1240,\"height\":826,\"caption\":\"A photo of a barge from World War II on the banks of the Po River (from CBS News, 2022). During the Cerberus heat wave in 2022, the Po RIver dropped to record levels, causing old, wrecked ships to emerge to the surface.\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.science.smith.edu\\\/climatelit\\\/italian\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.science.smith.edu\\\/climatelit\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Italian (Italiano)\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.science.smith.edu\\\/climatelit\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.science.smith.edu\\\/climatelit\\\/\",\"name\":\"Climate in Arts and History\",\"description\":\"Promoting Climate Literacy Across Disciplines\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.science.smith.edu\\\/climatelit\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Italian (Italiano) - Climate in Arts and History","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/italian\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Italian (Italiano) - Climate in Arts and History","og_description":"This page contains the following sections: Where is Italian spoken? Climate education in Italy Climate and culture in Italy References and additional resources Where is Italian spoken? (Dove si parla [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/italian\/","og_site_name":"Climate in Arts and History","article_modified_time":"2026-10-06T18:14:48+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/ap22167654722666.jpg","type":"","width":"","height":""}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"15 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/italian\/","url":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/italian\/","name":"Italian (Italiano) - Climate in Arts and History","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/italian\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/italian\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/ap22167654722666.jpg","datePublished":"2024-09-06T14:38:16+00:00","dateModified":"2026-10-06T18:14:48+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/italian\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/italian\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/italian\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/ap22167654722666.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/06\/ap22167654722666.jpg","width":1240,"height":826,"caption":"A photo of a barge from World War II on the banks of the Po River (from CBS News, 2022). During the Cerberus heat wave in 2022, the Po RIver dropped to record levels, causing old, wrecked ships to emerge to the surface."},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/italian\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Italian (Italiano)"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/","name":"Climate in Arts and History","description":"Promoting Climate Literacy Across Disciplines","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2349","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/312"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2349"}],"version-history":[{"count":44,"href":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2349\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3779,"href":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2349\/revisions\/3779"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2349"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}