{"id":2042,"date":"2024-03-11T03:32:48","date_gmt":"2024-03-11T03:32:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/?page_id=2042"},"modified":"2025-02-28T03:08:40","modified_gmt":"2025-02-28T03:08:40","slug":"inupiaq-drumming-and-global-warming","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/inupiaq-drumming-and-global-warming\/","title":{"rendered":"I\u00f1upiaq Drumming and Global Warming"},"content":{"rendered":"<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The I\u00f1upiat people are a group of Indigenous Americans who have lived in present-day Alaska for thousands of years. They are part of Inuit culture, which is present across the Arctic, from Alaska to Canada to Greenland. <\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Drumming is an important aspect of I\u00f1upiat musical culture. In fact, hand drums called <i style=\"font-size: 1rem\">qilaun<\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (image below) are the only traditional I\u00f1upiat instruments, and they are usually accompanied by singing. Traditional drum dances require 5 to 20 drummers, many of whom are hunters, with accompanying dancers. Drum performances recount stories through song and dance, often telling local folktales.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"attachment_2043\" style=\"width: 477px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2043\" class=\"wp-image-2043\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/03\/008469.000-q7ohpu-e1732162506110.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"467\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/03\/008469.000-q7ohpu-e1732162506110.jpg 344w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/03\/008469.000-q7ohpu-e1732162506110-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 467px) 100vw, 467px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2043\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photograph of a qilaun, or hand drum, used by I\u00f1upiat drummers. The drum is 50 cm (20 in) long and handcrafted out of animal organ lining with a wooden frame (from Diver, 2015).<\/p><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In I\u00f1upiat culture, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">qilaun<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and bowhead whales are spiritually and intimately intertwined. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Qilaun<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> are made from the organ lining of large mammals, usually whales, stretched across a wooden frame. As such, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">qilaun<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> give whales eternal life after death in the form of an instrument. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Qilaun<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> are also periodically fed with water to preserve them, giving both the whale and the drum life.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">According to I\u00f1upiat elders, drumming originated with the adoption of the whale hunt. Through drum performances, musicians calm the whales and encourage a successful hunt. Drum dances revolve around the whaling hunting season (which lasts from April to June), and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">qilaun<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> themselves symbolize the connection between people, animals, and the environment. In Barrow, one of the northernmost permanent settlements in Alaska, two annual whale feasts are held, both with drum dances.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">One such feast called <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nalukataq<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is held in late June, after the spring whaling season. Between the end of the hunt and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">nalukataq<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, women prepare and butcher the whale meat and blubber for the festival. On <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nalukataq <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">day, the community enjoys food together in a festive celebration. At midnight, a drum dance is performed to close out the night.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The I\u00f1upiat people practice subsistence hunting, taking a limited number of bowhead whales each year. This custom is not detrimental to the local whale population, as only a small portion of the animals are hunted. All parts of the whale carcass are used and nothing goes to waste. This practice is essential to providing food, construction materials, and instruments.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"mceTemp\"><\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_2631\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2631\" class=\"wp-image-2631 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/01\/urn_cambridge.org_id_binary_20151023045238851-0506_S0032247408008164_fig2g.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"630\" height=\"358\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2631\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photograph of an I\u00f1upiat drumming performance by the Tagiugmuit dance group in Barrow, Alaska, taken in 2008 (from Sakakibara, 2009).<\/p><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">You can listen to a performance of I\u00f1upiat drumming <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=xb02NoYPQRg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">here<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and learn more about the practice <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Lt2mDzsSG6Q\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">here<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>How is this related to climate?<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">I\u00f1upiat hunters rely on stable Arctic sea ice to hunt and transport whales. Each bowhead whale is about 60 feet (18 meters) long and weighs about 75 tons. Whalers must haul the carcass on the ice (image below), where they cut the meat, using a pulley system called a block and tackle. However, thinning Arctic sea ice is making this increasingly difficult. If the ice is not thick enough, it cannot support the whale\u2019s weight, often resulting in the kill being lost.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"attachment_2045\" style=\"width: 1290px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2045\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2045\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/03\/15f72e36-6a65-43cf-8c81-7742dcd377ab33a25c492bec27a69e_IAM_00083427_a.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"853\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/03\/15f72e36-6a65-43cf-8c81-7742dcd377ab33a25c492bec27a69e_IAM_00083427_a.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/03\/15f72e36-6a65-43cf-8c81-7742dcd377ab33a25c492bec27a69e_IAM_00083427_a-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/03\/15f72e36-6a65-43cf-8c81-7742dcd377ab33a25c492bec27a69e_IAM_00083427_a-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/03\/15f72e36-6a65-43cf-8c81-7742dcd377ab33a25c492bec27a69e_IAM_00083427_a-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/03\/15f72e36-6a65-43cf-8c81-7742dcd377ab33a25c492bec27a69e_IAM_00083427_a-624x416.jpg 624w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2024\/03\/15f72e36-6a65-43cf-8c81-7742dcd377ab33a25c492bec27a69e_IAM_00083427_a-272x182.jpg 272w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2045\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photograph of I\u00f1upiat whalers hauling a bowhead whale carcass onto the sea ice, where they will process it to take home. Subsistence whaling has been practiced for centuries and is an important part of I\u00f1upiat life that provides food, building materials, and instruments (from Atlas Obscura, 2020).<\/p><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Since the 1980s, the Arctic region has warmed significantly, with air temperatures increasing three times faster than other areas of the world due to anthropogenic climate change. In 2020, the average surface air temperature was 3.8\u00b0F (2.1\u00b0C) warmer than the average temperature observed between 1981 and 2010. Furthermore, researchers have found that sea ice coverage has decreased by 13% every decade.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Arctic is one of the most affected regions by anthropogenic climate change. Melting Arctic ice also has negative effects on the global scale. For one, sea ice acts as a natural temperature regulator. Its light color (<a style=\"font-size: 1rem\" href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/glaciers-in-art\/\">albedo<\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">) reflects sunlight and cools the Arctic, but as sea ice is melted, the dark ocean surface is exposed, allowing the sunlight\u2019s heat to be absorbed. Melting Arctic ice is also contributing to global sea level rise.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Without a successful whale harvest, the I\u00f1upiat people cannot make new <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">qilaun<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. The drum tops are extremely fragile and require meticulous care to maintain. In the event that <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">qilaun<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> are damaged or broken, a whale membrane is needed to repair them. Due to climate change\u2019s impact on subsistence whaling, many I\u00f1upiat people are forced to use plastic alternatives for their drums. According to the drummers, plastic is more durable and accessible but doesn\u2019t produce the same authentic sound as traditional <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">qilaun<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Since 2005, the majority of drummers in Barrow, Alaska have used plastic drum skins.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Despite the challenges brought on by anthropogenic climate change, the I\u00f1upiat people continue to demonstrate resilience in the rapidly changing environment. The hard conditions have brought the I\u00f1upiat community closer and stronger than ever. According to one drummer, drum music is more important than ever, to help keep the I\u00f1upiaq\u2019s relationship to the whales strong. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Further exploration<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Various efforts have been made across the world to reduce sea ice loss in the Arctic and help I\u00f1upiaq hunters:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">For example, a California non-profit organization called <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.arcticiceproject.org\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Arctic Ice Project<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> is working to restore sea ice by releasing a thin layer of fine silica beads into Arctic waters. They hope that this floating white powder will increase the albedo in the Arctic, cooling the water and helping sea ice reform. This strategy has proved successful in creating thick ice when tested in lakes and ponds in Canada and the U.S. While biologists have concerns about the long-term effects of the beads on local environments, researchers are continuing to study the impacts of the beads before applying them to targeted areas vulnerable to sea ice loss.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Matthew Druckenmiller, a researcher at the National Snow and Ice Data Center has developed a GPS mapping tool with information on ice thickness and extent used by I\u00f1upiat hunters. This technology has benefited whalers by helping them direct people to their hunting camps and find ice thick enough to drive and haul whale carcasses on.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>References and additional resources<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cArctic Ice Project.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Arctic Ice Project<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. 2023. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.arcticiceproject.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.arcticiceproject.org\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Arctic Igloo. \u201cTikigaq Dancers 2017 Alaska Federation of Natives.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Youtube<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=xb02NoYPQRg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=xb02NoYPQRg<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cAs the Arctic Warms, the I\u00f1upiat Adapt.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Atlas Obscura<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. August 2020. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.atlasobscura.com\/articles\/climate-change-inupiat-northern-alaska\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.atlasobscura.com\/articles\/climate-change-inupiat-northern-alaska<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cClimate Change.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Arctic World Wildlife Fund<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. 2023. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.arcticwwf.org\/threats\/climate-change\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.arcticwwf.org\/threats\/climate-change\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Diver, S. \u201ce. Qilaun (Hand Drums).\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Columbia University. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2015. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/edblogs.columbia.edu\/AHISG4862_001_2015_1\/iii-class-research\/inupiat-aesthetics\/inupiaq-material-culture-in-conversation-with-the-avery-properties-drawings\/qilaun-hand-drums\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/edblogs.columbia.edu\/AHISG4862_001_2015_1\/iii-class-research\/inupiat-aesthetics\/inupiaq-material-culture-in-conversation-with-the-avery-properties-drawings\/qilaun-hand-drums\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Druckenmiller, M. L. Moon, T. Thoman, R. \u201cState of the Climate in 2020: The Arctic.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. vol 102, no. 8, 2020, pp. 263-316. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/BAMS-D-21-0086.1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/BAMS-D-21-0086.1<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Naiden, A. \u201cSea ice loss affects biodiversity, economy and travel safety, Alaska hunters and scientists say.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Anchorage Daily News<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. April 2023. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.adn.com\/alaska-news\/rural-alaska\/2023\/04\/06\/sea-ice-loss-affects-biodiversity-economy-and-travel-safety-alaska-hunters-and-scientists-say\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.adn.com\/alaska-news\/rural-alaska\/2023\/04\/06\/sea-ice-loss-affects-biodiversity-economy-and-travel-safety-alaska-hunters-and-scientists-say\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">O\u2019Malley, J. \u201cWhale hunting in Alaska: Point Hope, the village caught between tradition and climate change.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Guardian<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. July 2015. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/travel\/2015\/jul\/16\/alaska-point-hope-whaling-climate\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/travel\/2015\/jul\/16\/alaska-point-hope-whaling-climate<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sakakibara, C. \u201c\u2018No whale, no music\u2019: I\u00f1upiaq drumming and global warming.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cambridge University Press<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Vol. 45, no. 4, 2009, pp. 289-303. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www-cambridge-org.libproxy.smith.edu\/core\/journals\/polar-record\/article\/no-whale-no-music-inupiaq-drumming-and-global-warming\/DB84A24FB200F77BBB5DFC42E9570228#\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0032247408008164<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Smithsonian Arctic Studies Center Alaska Channel. \u201cListen and Learn I\u00f1upiaq (5 of 6): Qilaun, Sauyaq (Drum).\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Youtube<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Lt2mDzsSG6Q\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Lt2mDzsSG6Q<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cThe daring plan to save the Arctic ice with glass.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">BBC News<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. September 2020. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20200923-could-geoengineering-save-the-arctic-sea-ice\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20200923-could-geoengineering-save-the-arctic-sea-ice<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cThe Inupiat People.\u201d <i style=\"font-size: 1rem\">Kikitagruk Inupiat Corporation<\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. 2020. <\/span><a style=\"font-size: 1rem\" href=\"https:\/\/kikiktagruk.com\/shareholders\/inupiat-people\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/kikiktagruk.com\/shareholders\/inupiat-people\/<\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>How to cite this page<\/h3>\n<p><em>I\u00f1upiaq Drumming and Global Warming<\/em>. (2025, February 14). Climate in Global Cultures and Histories: Promoting Climate Literacy Across Disciplines. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/inupiaq-drumming-and-global-warming\/\">https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/inupiaq-drumming-and-global-warming\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The I\u00f1upiat people are a group of Indigenous Americans who have lived in present-day Alaska for thousands of years. They are part of Inuit culture, which is present across the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":293,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2042","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>I\u00f1upiaq Drumming and Global Warming - Climate in Arts and History<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/inupiaq-drumming-and-global-warming\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"I\u00f1upiaq Drumming and Global Warming - Climate in Arts and History\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The I\u00f1upiat people are a group of Indigenous Americans who have lived in present-day Alaska for thousands of years. 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