{"id":1907,"date":"2023-11-14T14:50:37","date_gmt":"2023-11-14T14:50:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/?page_id=1907"},"modified":"2026-10-06T18:18:25","modified_gmt":"2026-10-06T18:18:25","slug":"spanish","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/spanish\/","title":{"rendered":"Spanish (<em>Espa\u00f1ol<\/em>)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1907\" class=\"elementor elementor-1907\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-76a824ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"76a824ca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-225eea02\" data-id=\"225eea02\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ba6a2fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2ba6a2fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><strong>This page contains the following sections:<br \/><\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><a href=\"#where-is-spanish-spoken\"><strong>Where is Spanish spoken?<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><strong><a href=\"#climate-education-spanish\">Climate education in<\/a>:<\/strong><ul><li><a href=\"#climate-education-mexico\">Mexico<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#climate-education-dominican-republic\">Dominican Republic<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#climate-education-colombia\">Colombia<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><strong><a href=\"#climate-and-culture-spanish\">Climate and culture in<\/a>:<\/strong><ul><li><a href=\"#climate-and-culture-spain\">Spain<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#climate-and-culture-argentina\">Argentina<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#climate-and-culture-peru\">Peru<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><a href=\"#language-practice-spanish\"><strong>Language practice<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><strong><a href=\"#spanish-references\">References and additional resources<\/a><\/strong><\/li><\/ul><h3><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong><a id=\"where-is-spanish-spoken\"><\/a>Where is Spanish spoken? (<em>\u00bfD\u00f3nde se habla espa\u00f1ol?<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">Spanish is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world, with over 500 million native speakers. The vast majority of Spanish speakers live in Central and South America (map below). Spanish is the official language in 21 countries including Mexico, Colombia, Argentina, Spain, Venezuela, Peru, Chile, Ecuador, Cuba, Guatemala, Bolivia, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Uruguay, Panama, Equatorial Guinea, Puerto Rico, and Costa Rica. Outside of these countries, a significant number of Spanish speakers live in the United States, Morocco, and Western Sahara.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div id=\"attachment_1908\" style=\"width: 820px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1908\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2023\/11\/Map-usage-language-Spanish-world-Large.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"810\" height=\"415\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1908\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of countries, in orange, where Spanish is listed as an official language, and, in tan, where Spanish is widely spoken. Most Spanish-speaking countries are located in Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. The only exceptions are Spain in Europe and Equatorial Guinea in Africa (from Posner, 2023).<\/p><\/div><h3><span style=\"color: #000000\"><a id=\"climate-education-spanish\"><\/a>Climate education in selected Spanish-speaking countries <b>(<em>Educaci\u00f3n clim\u00e1tica en pa\u00edses hispanoablantes seleccionados<\/em>)<\/b><\/span><\/h3><h3><strong style=\"font-size: 14px;font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif\"><a id=\"climate-education-mexico\"><\/a>Mexico (<em>M\u00e9xico<\/em>)<\/strong><\/h3><div id=\"attachment_1909\" style=\"width: 1290px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1909\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2023\/11\/World-Data-Locator-Map-Mexico-Large.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1280\" height=\"1226\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1909\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of Mexico, located in southern North America, east of the Pacific Ocean and west of the Gulf of Mexico (from Bernstein et al., 2023).<\/p><\/div><ul><li>You can learn more about climate education (<em>educaci\u00f3n clim\u00e1tica<\/em>) in Mexico through UNESCO and the Monitoring and Evaluating Climate Communication and Education (MECCE) Project <a href=\"https:\/\/education-profiles.org\/latin-america-and-the-caribbean\/mexico\/~climate-change-communication-and-education\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a> (and in Spanish <a href=\"https:\/\/education-profiles.org\/es\/america-latina-y-el-caribe\/mexico\/~comunicacion-y-educacion-sobre-el-cambio-climatico\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>).<\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">Mexico\u2019s greatest climate change threats are tropical cyclones (<em>ciclones tropicales<\/em>), heat waves (<em>olas de calor<\/em>), and floods (<em>inundaciones<\/em>). Aging energy, transportation, and water infrastructure are vulnerable to extreme weather events, especially in coastal regions.\u00a0Furthermore, extreme temperatures (<em>temperaturas extremas<\/em>) and inconsistent precipitation (<em>precipitaci\u00f3n<\/em>) brought on by climate change (<em>cambio clim\u00e1tico<\/em>) are creating problems for agriculture (<em>agricultura<\/em>) in rural Mexico.<br \/><\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">Recent surveys indicate that a significant portion of Mexican citizens are aware of climate change, but a much smaller proportion understands it on a deeper level. A 2017 public opinion poll revealed that while 89% of participants heard of climate change, only 30% felt compelled to take individual action against the climate crisis.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">In terms of education policy, Mexico has several national-scale climate education laws supporting sustainability awareness (<em>conscienciaci\u00f3n sobre la sostenibilidad<\/em>) among youths. The National Climate Change Strategy (<em>La Estrategia Nacional de Cambio Clim\u00e1tico<\/em>) (2013), for example, promotes environmental education and awareness in an effort to develop climate-conscious mindsets in students. In primary and secondary schools, climate education is incorporated into core subjects such as the natural sciences and geography. The National Curriculum Framework for Basic Education (<em>Marco Curricular Nacional para la Educaci\u00f3n B\u00e1sica<\/em>) (2011) teaches topics on sustainability through multiple disciplines, with a focus on climate justice (<em>justicia clim\u00e1tica<\/em>). In secondary schools, students are taught to think critically about sustainability practices.<\/span><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">Much of Mexico\u2019s climate education in primary and secondary schools is framed in terms of Indigenous perspectives. More than one in five Mexicans are Indigenous and about 6% speak Indigenous languages. The General Directorate of Indigenous, Intercultural, and Bilingual Education is a government department dedicated to fostering equitable climate education by providing resources in Indigenous languages.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">At the higher education level, there are fewer curriculum policies implementing climate education. However, the Mexican Consortium of Higher Education Institutions for Sustainability, a collection of 19 higher education institutions across the country, encourages climate education. This organization is a collaborative network that allows institutions to share resources and develop sustainable education frameworks.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong><a id=\"climate-education-dominican-republic\"><\/a>Dominican Republic (<em>Rep\u00fablica Dominicana<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p><div id=\"attachment_3413\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3413\" class=\"wp-image-3413\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-16-at-9.52.23\u202fPM-1024x981.png\" alt=\"Map of the Dominican Republic, located in the Caribbean Sea, between North and South America (from Gonz\u00e1lez and Wiarda, 2023).\" width=\"600\" height=\"575\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-16-at-9.52.23\u202fPM-1024x981.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-16-at-9.52.23\u202fPM-300x287.png 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-16-at-9.52.23\u202fPM-768x735.png 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-16-at-9.52.23\u202fPM-1536x1471.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-16-at-9.52.23\u202fPM-624x597.png 624w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-16-at-9.52.23\u202fPM.png 1554w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-3413\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of the Dominican Republic, located in the Caribbean Sea, between North and South America (from Gonz\u00e1lez and Wiarda, 2023).<\/p><\/div><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">You can learn more about climate education (educaci\u00f3n clim\u00e1tica) in the Dominican Republic through UNESCO and the Monitoring and Evaluating Climate Communication and Education (MECCE) Project <a href=\"https:\/\/education-profiles.org\/latin-america-and-the-caribbean\/dominican-republic\/~climate-change-communication-and-education\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a> (and in Spanish <a href=\"https:\/\/education-profiles.org\/es\/america-latina-y-el-caribe\/republica-dominicana\/~comunicacion-y-educacion-sobre-el-cambio-climatico\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">The Dominican Republic was ranked the 11th most vulnerable country to climate change in 2017. Some of the greatest threats to the island nation include coastal flooding (<em>inundaciones costeras<\/em>), droughts (<em>sequ\u00edas<\/em>), and hurricanes (<em>huracanes<\/em>). Located on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean, the Dominican Republic sits in the center of a North Atlantic hurricane belt. As a result, the Dominican Republic suffers from storm damage to its infrastructure, fisheries, and crops.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">A significant portion of Dominican Republic citizens are aware of climate change, with 98% of interviewees stating they believed in climate change in 2012. At that time, the citizens ranked climate change as the 8th most important issue that should be addressed by the national government, behind education and citizen security as the top two priorities.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">Environmental education is mandatory in the Dominican Republic\u2019s national school system, mandated by the National Curriculum Framework (2016). Climate and sustainability awareness is emphasized in the national curriculum at the primary and secondary levels.\u00a0<\/span><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">The National Curriculum Framework promotes education on the dangers of climate-caused natural disasters (<em>recursos naturales<\/em>), management of natural resource use, and renewable energy (<em>energ\u00eda renovable<\/em>). In primary school, students are taught about climate through the Environmental Crisis subject, which covers climate change, pollution (<em>contaminaci\u00f3n<\/em>), biodiversity loss (<em>p\u00e9rdida de biodiversidad<\/em>), and more. At the secondary level, climate change is incorporated into multiple disciplines like social studies and the natural sciences.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">While some higher education institutions in the Dominican Republic offer diplomas in climate and public policy, climate education is not available at all schools. The government in the Dominican Republic is working towards providing environmental or climate-related opportunities in all higher education institutions by 2030.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong><a id=\"climate-change-colombia\"><\/a><a id=\"climate-education-colombia\"><\/a>Colombia<\/strong><\/span><\/p><div id=\"attachment_3420\" style=\"width: 1564px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3420\" class=\"wp-image-3420 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-16-at-11.38.14\u202fPM-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1554\" height=\"1488\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-16-at-11.38.14\u202fPM-1.png 1554w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-16-at-11.38.14\u202fPM-1-300x287.png 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-16-at-11.38.14\u202fPM-1-1024x981.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-16-at-11.38.14\u202fPM-1-768x735.png 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-16-at-11.38.14\u202fPM-1-1536x1471.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-16-at-11.38.14\u202fPM-1-624x597.png 624w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1554px) 100vw, 1554px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-3420\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of Colombia in northwestern South America (from Gilmore et al., 2023).<\/p><\/div><div><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">You can learn more about climate education (educaci\u00f3n clim\u00e1tica) in Colombia through UNESCO and the Monitoring and Evaluating Climate Communication and Education (MECCE) Project <a href=\"https:\/\/education-profiles.org\/latin-america-and-the-caribbean\/colombia\/~climate-change-communication-and-education\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a> (and in Spanish <a href=\"https:\/\/education-profiles.org\/es\/america-latina-y-el-caribe\/colombia\/~comunicacion-y-educacion-sobre-el-cambio-climatico\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">Colombia\u2019s greatest climate change threats are drought, land degradation (<em>degradaci\u00f3n del terreno<\/em>), and coastal flooding. The majority of Colombians live in the Andes mountains region, which is being affected by rising temperatures and infrequent rains (<em>lluvias infrecuentes<\/em>). Climatologists predict that drought in Colombia will exacerbate water shortages, create agricultural decline, and reduce the productivity of hydropower electricity (<em>energ\u00eda hidroel\u00e9ctrica<\/em>) generation.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">Climate awareness is especially high in Colombia, with 98% of surveyed residents stating they were aware that climate change is occurring. The vast majority of polled Colombian citizens also agreed that climate change is an urgent problem that needs to be addressed.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">While many climate policies identify education as an important sector for raising climate awareness and training, fleshed-out frameworks are missing. Colombia has implemented policies supporting environmental education since the mid-1990s, but is working towards climate-specific education to help its citizens build resilience (<em>resiliencia<\/em>).\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">In primary and secondary schools, Colombian education guidelines do not require climate-specific education but instead offer guidelines for general environmental instruction. However, Colombian educators do have access to outside resources from the national Ministry of Education and non-governmental organizations to educate their students on climate change.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">Colombian institutions of higher education are working towards climate change awareness and mitigation. In 2019, 37% of public and private Colombian universities were involved in climate change action, mostly working on educating students and the general public. The country also has an alliance of sustainability-focused institutions called the University Union in Sustainable Production and Consumption <em>(Red Universitaria para la Producci\u00f3n y el Consumo).<\/em> This union aims to increase environmental sustainability across higher education with a focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions <em>(emissiones de gases de efecto invernadero).<\/em><\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3><span style=\"color: #000000\"><a id=\"climate-and-culture-spanish\"><\/a>Climate and culture in selected Spanish-speaking countries <em>(<b>Clima y cultura en pa\u00edses hispanoablantes seleccionados<\/b>)<\/em><\/span><\/h3><p><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong><a id=\"climate-and-culture-spain\"><\/a>Spain (<em>Espa\u00f1a<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p><div style=\"width: 1610px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2023\/11\/World-Data-Locator-Map-Spain.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1532\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of Spain, located in southwestern Europe, along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea (from Rodriguez, 2023).<\/p><\/div><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">Castilian, a dialect of Spanish originating in northern Spain, is the official language of Spain. The country is home to over 45 million native Spanish speakers.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">Located on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe (map above), Spain has several climatic zones due to its expansive geography. Northern Spain, which borders the Atlantic Ocean, is generally humid <em>(h\u00famedo)<\/em> with plentiful rainfall and an average annual temperature between 6\u00b0C (43\u00b0F) and 20\u00b0C (68\u00b0F). Southern Spain is more arid <em>(\u00e1rido),<\/em> with less precipitation, and an average temperature between 10\u00b0C (50\u00b0F) and 26\u00b0C (79\u00b0F).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">Agriculture is an important part of Spanish culture for traditional foods and festivals. For example, olive oil has been essential to Spanish cuisine for three thousand years. It is used in many popular dishes including <em>paella<\/em>, <em>tortilla espa\u00f1ola<\/em>, <em>pan con tomate<\/em>, and more. Spain produces more olive oil than any other country in the world, and the average Spaniard consumes over 9 liters (2.4 gallons) of olive oil a year. Spain\u2019s warm (<em>c\u00e1lida<\/em>), dry (<em>seca<\/em>), and sunny (<em>soleada<\/em>) climate fosters the growth of olive trees, which are native to the Mediterranean region.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">Destructive agricultural practices, rising temperatures, and declining precipitation contribute to shrinking wetlands <em>(humedales)<\/em> in south and central Spain. These factors threaten Spain\u2019s agriculture and food production.<\/span><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">In 2022, researchers found that the Iberian Peninsula is experiencing its driest climate in over 1,000 years. Normally, Spain receives most of its precipitation during the winter when low-pressure systems form in the Atlantic Ocean. However, Azores high (image below), a high-pressure system that forms in the winter and blocks moisture from reaching Spain, is becoming increasingly common as a result of global warming <em>(calentamiento global).<\/em> Before industrial carbon emissions, Azores highs would occur once every ten years, but since the 1980s, that frequency has increased to once every four years. The increased frequency of Azores highs is creating drier conditions that, in combination with more frequent heat waves, are threatening Spanish agriculture.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><div style=\"width: 1610px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2023\/11\/wave-formation-respect-position-Azores-Atlantic-Ocean.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1600\" height=\"636\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of Azores high, a high-pressure system that can form during winter in the eastern Atlantic Ocean (from The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica, 2012). When it occurs, the Azores high prevents moisture from reaching Spain (not pictured, but located northeast of the Azores High), creating drought conditions.<\/p><\/div><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">More than two-thirds of freshwater supplies in Spain are used for agricultural irrigation, and much of this water is drawn from rivers and aquifers. The southern region of Spain is a major producer of crops. However, no major rivers flow through this part of the country. To solve this, officials have transferred water from nearby rivers. Several major rivers, such as the Guadiana in central Spain, and wetlands are being dried up from overuse (image below).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">Olive oil production has been directly impacted by the water shortage. Without sufficient irrigation, olive trees produce stunted or shriveled fruit. In 2022, olive crops were reduced by over 30% due to the drought. <\/span><\/li><\/ul><div style=\"width: 1250px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2023\/11\/5666-Large.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1240\" height=\"826\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photograph of a dried-out marsh in Las Tablas de Daimiel national park in central Spain after the rainy season in 2021 (from Burgen, 2021).<\/p><\/div><p><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong><a id=\"climate-and-culture-argentina\"><\/a>Argentina<\/strong><\/span><\/p><div style=\"width: 1610px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2023\/11\/World-Data-Locator-Map-Argentina.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1533\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of Argentina in the southeastern tip of South America, west of the Atlantic Ocean (from Eidt et al., 2023).<\/p><\/div><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">Argentina is home to over 45 million native Spanish speakers, the third highest in the world. Spanish is by far the most widely spoken language in the country, though a significant number of Argentinians speak Portuguese, English, Italian, Levantine Arabic, and Indigenous languages.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">Argentina, unlike many other countries in South America, is dominated by temperate <em>(templado)<\/em> climate. The southern portion of the country, containing the southern tip of the Andes mountains, is more arid with tundra and polar characteristics. Overall, Argentina experiences moderate precipitation and frequent storm events.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">Like Spain, Argentina has seasonal agriculture which is important to the country\u2019s culture.<\/span><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">The <em>Fiesta de la Vendimia<\/em> (Harvest Festival) in the city of Mendoza is a celebration of local wine that takes place every February-March. This event includes a series of parades, local performances (image below), wine tasting, and the Queen of Vendimia beauty pageant.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><div style=\"width: 1837px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2023\/11\/mendoza-fiesta-de-la-vendimia.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1827\" height=\"1134\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photograph of an amphitheater-style performance in Mendoza, Argentina for the Fiesta de la Vendimia. Over 25,000 people attend the three-hour music and fireworks show (from Barnes, 2018).<\/p><\/div><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none\"><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">The Mendoza region produces the most wine in Argentina. Located on the eastern foothills of the Andes, this area is characterized by its high-altitude plains. Although this area is geographically a desert <em>(desierto),<\/em> its high altitude helps maintain moderate temperatures that foster local wineries.<\/span><\/li><li><a style=\"font-size: 1rem\" href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/the-global-food-crisis\/\">El Ni\u00f1o<\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">, a climate pattern of uncharacteristically high sea surface temperatures in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, has a great effect on the success of wineries in Argentina. During El Ni\u00f1o years, eastern Argentina gets more humid<em>,<\/em> precipitation increases, and cold air anomalies occur in the spring and summer. These climate conditions are damaging to wine crops. In 2016, a strong El Ni\u00f1o year, the country lost 27% of its wine harvest, with the Mendoza region losing almost 40%. The harvest season was pushed back from February-March to April due to cooler temperatures and increased rainfall. Climatologists predict that anthropogenic climate change will make El Ni\u00f1o events twice as frequent and more intense.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"color: #000000\"><strong><a id=\"climate-and-culture-peru\"><\/a>Peru (<em>Per\u00fa<\/em>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p><div id=\"attachment_3424\" style=\"width: 1564px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3424\" class=\"wp-image-3424 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-16-at-11.53.07\u202fPM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1554\" height=\"1488\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-16-at-11.53.07\u202fPM.png 1554w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-16-at-11.53.07\u202fPM-300x287.png 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-16-at-11.53.07\u202fPM-1024x981.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-16-at-11.53.07\u202fPM-768x735.png 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-16-at-11.53.07\u202fPM-1536x1471.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-16-at-11.53.07\u202fPM-624x597.png 624w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1554px) 100vw, 1554px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-3424\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map of Peru, located in northwestern South America, east of the Pacific Ocean (from Moore et al., 2023).<\/p><\/div><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">Over 28 million native Spanish speakers live in Peru. While Spanish is the official language of Peru, many Indigenous languages, like Quechua and Aymara, are also widely spoken.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">Located just south of the equator, Peru is a tropical country with a variety of climatic conditions. Peru is divided into three main regions (map above): the arid coastal plains to the west, the high-altitude Andes mountains in the center, and the humid Amazon Basin to the east. Temperatures throughout the country range from 8\u00b0C to 35\u00b0C (47\u00b0F to 95\u00b0F), mainly depending on the region.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\">Alpacas, a close relative of the camel and llama, are an important part of Peruvian culture and livelihoods. These animals are native to Peru and have been used for food and clothes since they were first domesticated 6,000 years ago. Today, alpacas are raised for their valuable fleece, which can be made into garments and blankets.<\/span><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">Many herders raise alpacas in the Peruvian highlands (image below), where there have historically been persistent grasslands despite low annual rainfall. However, anthropogenic climate change is disrupting normal weather conditions and threatening alpacas in Peru. The Peruvian highlands usually have reliable moderate temperatures, but climate change is making temperatures more extreme. Sunny days are hotter than normal and cold snaps are becoming more common, killing young alpacas. The land is also becoming less productive as pasture land overtakes native marsh grasses that rely on glacial stream flows. Global warming is pushing back Andes<\/span> <a style=\"font-size: 1rem\" href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/glaciers-in-art\/\">glaciers<\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;color: #000000\"> <em>(glaciares)<\/em> and reducing stream flows during the dry season. As wetlands dry up, alpacas are left without their natural food sources.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><div style=\"width: 635px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2023\/11\/nTuxDhya6LiJwUlFpqae1ACp0I8fzypKuNkPpKd0UKlUjEkk2Z-Large.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"625\" height=\"417\" \/><p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photograph of alpaca herders with their livestock taken in 2021. The baby alpaca in the front was injected with medicine before the herd\u2019s seasonal migration (migraci\u00f3n). Cold snaps brought on by anthropogenic climate change weaken alpacas\u2019 immune systems, exposing them to fatal diseases (from Cinque, 2022).<\/p><\/div><h3><span style=\"color: #000000\"><a id=\"language-practice-spanish\"><\/a>Language practice<\/span><\/h3><p><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Explore the following headline and the accompanying image and its description in Spanish from an article published in 2021 by the United Nations (you can read the entire article <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/news.un.org\/es\/story\/2021\/08\/1495582\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">here<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">). Use the vocabulary and grammar guidelines provided below to find out what this article is about.<\/span><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000\"><b><i>Cambio clim\u00e1tico: Am\u00e9rica Latina ser\u00e1 una de las regiones m\u00e1s afectadas<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-3454 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-10-at-11.18.53\u202fAM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1894\" height=\"1138\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-10-at-11.18.53\u202fAM.png 1894w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-10-at-11.18.53\u202fAM-300x180.png 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-10-at-11.18.53\u202fAM-1024x615.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-10-at-11.18.53\u202fAM-768x461.png 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-10-at-11.18.53\u202fAM-1536x923.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2025\/10\/Screenshot-2025-10-10-at-11.18.53\u202fAM-624x375.png 624w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1894px) 100vw, 1894px\" \/><\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9db9537 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9db9537\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p id=\"docs-internal-guid-5bda03c6-7fff-aadd-7834-39b522a15137\" dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt;text-align: left\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt\">&#8220;Esta imagen representa la destrucci\u00f3n causada por el hurac\u00e1n Iota en 2020.<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 10pt\">Los residentes de la regi\u00f3n de Wawa Bar (Nicaragua), regresaron y<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 10pt\">encontraron solo restos de sus hogares. M\u00e1s de 450 familias quedaron sin<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 10pt\">vivienda y sin sustento, junto a millones de familias en Latinoam\u00e9rica que<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 10pt\">sufrieron eventos tropicales extremos similares. El incremento de los niveles<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 10pt\">de agua y de temperatura en el mar, como consecuencia del cambio<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 10pt\">clim\u00e1tico, crean condiciones propicias para la aparici\u00f3n de huracanes con<\/span><br \/><span style=\"font-size: 10pt\">mayor frecuencia frecuentes (Naciones Unidas, 2021).&#8221;<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b35ec1 elementor-widget__width-initial elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"6b35ec1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 id=\"elementor-tab-title-1121\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1121\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-chevron-down\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-chevron-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Vocabulary<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1121\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1121\"><div dir=\"ltr\" style=\"margin-left: 0.75pt\" align=\"left\"><p>\u00a0<\/p><table style=\"border: none;border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 671px\"><colgroup> <col width=\"311\" \/> <col width=\"312\" \/><\/colgroup><tbody><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt;overflow: hidden;height: 14px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;, sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\"><b>Spanish Term<\/b><\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt;overflow: hidden;height: 14px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;, sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\"><b>English Translation<\/b><\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">afectada(s)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">affected<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">agua<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">water<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 49px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">Am\u00e9rica latina\/latinoam\u00e9rica<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 49px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">Latin America &#8211; Includes countries in Central and South America where Spanish and Portuguese are dominant languages<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">cambio clim\u00e1tico<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">climate change<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">causada<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">caused<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">causan<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">cause<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">condiciones<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">conditions<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">debido (al)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">due (to)<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">despu\u00e9s<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">after<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">destrucci\u00f3n<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">destruction<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">elevados<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">elevated<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">encontrar<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">to find<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">esta<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">this<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">estos<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">these<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">eventos tropicales extremos<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">extreme tropical events<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">familias<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">families<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">frecuentes<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">frequent<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">hogar<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">home\/house<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">hurac\u00e1n<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">hurricane<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">imagen<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">image<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">intensas<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">intense<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">junto<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">alongside\/with<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">mar<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">sea<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">m\u00e1s<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">more (comparatively)<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">millones<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">millions<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">niveles<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">levels<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">quedaron*<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">were left (in this context)*<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">regi\u00f3n\/regiones<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">region\/regions (zone of land)<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">regresaron<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">returned (to)<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">representa<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">represents<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">residentes<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">residents<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">restos<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">(the) remains<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">similares<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">similar<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">sin<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">without<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">solo<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">only<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">sufriendo<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">suffering<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">sustento<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">livelihood<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">temperatura<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">temperature<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">viviendas<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: bottom;padding: 2pt;overflow: hidden;height: 16px\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.38;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">houses<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><p><span style=\"font-size: 8pt\">*word with many meanings (based on context).<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 id=\"elementor-tab-title-1122\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1122\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-chevron-down\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-chevron-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Grammar<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1122\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1122\"><div dir=\"ltr\" style=\"margin-left: 0pt\" align=\"left\"><p>\u00a0<\/p><table style=\"border: none;border-collapse: collapse\"><colgroup> <col width=\"113\" \/> <col width=\"125\" \/> <col width=\"229\" \/> <col width=\"157\" \/><\/colgroup><tbody><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: bold;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">Grammar Point<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: bold;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">English Meaning<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: bold;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">Example Sentences with Translations<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: bold;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">Notes<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">a\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">to<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">He went to the shore<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">\u00c9l fue a la costa<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">de<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">of\/from<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">A category five hurricane<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">Un hurac\u00e1n de categor\u00eda cinco<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">Usually describes a certain characteristic\/dimensions of an object or person<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\">\u00a0<\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">than<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">More than three storms<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">M\u00e1s que tres tormentas<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">Usually paired with \u201c<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">m\u00e1s<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">\u201d or some comparative measure\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">el<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">the<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">The sea<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">El mar<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">Article used for masculine words<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">en<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">in<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">Increasing frequency of storms in 2020<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">Aumento en la frequencia de tormentas en 2020<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">este<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">this (one)<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">This hurricane<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">Este hurac\u00e1n<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">la<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">the<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">The storm<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">La tormenta<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">Article used for feminine words<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">para<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">for<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">Perfect conditions for a storm<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">Condiciones perfectaos para una tormenta<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">por<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">by<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">caused by higher temperatures<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">causada por temperaturas altas<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">que<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">that\u00a0<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">Dark clouds mean that it will rain<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">Nubes oscuros significan que va a llover<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">Used to imply a certainty that an event will happen<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">sus<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">their<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">Their homes<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">Sus hogares<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">Indicates the relation of a subject to an object or another subject<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">una<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">one\/an\/a<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">A weather anomaly<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">Una anomal\u00eda meteorol\u00f3gica<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">Una is used generally to describe feminine nouns<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\">\u00a0<\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">(one) of<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">One of the best<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">Una de las mejores<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">Used in descriptive statements, usually alongside un\/uno\/una.<\/span><\/p><\/td><\/tr><tr style=\"height: 0pt\"><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">y<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">and<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\"><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: normal;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">this and that<\/span><\/p><p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"line-height: 1.2;margin-top: 0pt;margin-bottom: 0pt\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;font-family: &apos;Open Sans&apos;,sans-serif;color: #000000;background-color: transparent;font-weight: 400;font-style: italic;font-variant: normal;text-decoration: none;vertical-align: baseline\">Esto y eso<\/span><\/p><\/td><td style=\"vertical-align: top;padding: 5pt 5pt 5pt 5pt;overflow: hidden\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 id=\"elementor-tab-title-1123\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1123\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-chevron-down\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-chevron-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Fill-in-the-blank<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1123\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1123\"><p><span style=\"color: #000000;font-size: 10pt\">This ______ shows the __________ caused by hurricane Iota in 2020. The ________ from the region of Wawa Bar, Nicaragua ________ to find only ________ of their homes. More than 450 _________ were left without ______ and _________, alongside millions of families in Latin America suffering from similar _______ ______ _______. Due to_______ _______, ________ __________ and _____ ____________ are more elevated. These conditions cause __________ to be more _______ and ________.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 id=\"elementor-tab-title-1124\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1124\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-chevron-down\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-chevron-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Answer Key (only reference after exploring the Spanish version)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1124\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1124\"><p style=\"margin-bottom: 1.71429rem;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.71429\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;font-weight: bold;color: #000000\"><i style=\"font-size: 14px\">Climate change: Latin America will be one of the most affected regions<\/i><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;font-size: 10pt\">This <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">image<\/span> shows the <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">destruction<\/span> caused by Hurricane Iota in 2020. The <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">residents<\/span> from the region of Wawa Bar, Nicaragua <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">returned<\/span> to find only <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">pieces<\/span> of their homes. More than 450 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">families<\/span> were left without <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">homes<\/span> and <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">livelihoods<\/span>, alongside millions of families in Latin America suffering from similar <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">extreme<\/span> <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">tropical<\/span> <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">events<\/span>. Due to <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">climate<\/span> <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">change<\/span>, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">water<\/span> <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">levels<\/span> and <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">sea<\/span> <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">temperatures<\/span> are more elevated. These conditions cause <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">hurricanes<\/span> to be more <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">frequent<\/span> and <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">intense<\/span>.<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3878278 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3878278\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"margin-top: 1.71429rem;margin-bottom: 1.71429rem;font-size: 1.14286rem;line-height: 1.84615\"><a id=\"spanish-references\"><\/a><span style=\"color: #000000\">References and additional resources<\/span><\/h3><ul style=\"margin-bottom: 1.71429rem;line-height: 1.71429;font-size: 14px\"><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">Az\u00f3car, G., Billi, M., Clavo, R., Huneeus, N., Lagos, M., Sapiains, R., Urquiza, A., \u201cClimate change perception, vulnerability, and readiness: inter-country variability and emerging patterns in Latin America.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i style=\"font-size: 14px\">Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences<\/i><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">. vol. 11, 2020, pp. 23-36.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14px\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13412-020-00639-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13412-020-00639-0<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">Barnes, A. \u201cVendimia &amp; Visiting Mendoza\u2019s Harvest Festival.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i style=\"font-size: 14px\">South America Wine Guide<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">. August 2018.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14px\" href=\"https:\/\/southamericawineguide.com\/vendimia-visiting-mendozas-harvest-festival\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/southamericawineguide.com\/vendimia-visiting-mendozas-harvest-festival\/<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">Barnes, A. \u201cEl Nino hampers Argentina\u2019s 2016 wine harvest.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i style=\"font-size: 14px\">Decanter<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">. May 2016.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14px;color: #0f3647\" href=\"https:\/\/www.decanter.com\/wine-news\/el-nino-argentina-2016-wine-harvest-305057\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.decanter.com\/wine-news\/el-nino-argentina-2016-wine-harvest-305057\/<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">Burgen, S. \u201c\u2018Farmers are digging their own graves\u2019: true cost of growing food in Spain\u2019s arid south.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i style=\"font-size: 14px\">The Guardian<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">. November 2021.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14px\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2021\/nov\/16\/farmers-are-digging-their-own-graves-true-cost-of-growing-food-in-spains-arid-south\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2021\/nov\/16\/farmers-are-digging-their-own-graves-true-cost-of-growing-food-in-spains-arid-south<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cCambio clim\u00e1tico: Am\u00e9rica Latina ser\u00e1 una de las regiones m\u00e1s afectadas.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Naciones Unidas: Cambio climatico y ambiente<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. August 17th, 2021. <\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/news.un.org\/es\/story\/2021\/08\/1495582\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/news.un.org\/es\/story\/2021\/08\/1495582<\/a>.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">Carrington, D. \u201cSpain and Portugal suffering driest climate for 1,200 years, research shows.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i style=\"font-size: 14px\">The Guardian<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">. July 2022.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14px\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2022\/jul\/04\/spain-and-portugal-suffering-driest-climate-for-1200-years-research-shows\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2022\/jul\/04\/spain-and-portugal-suffering-driest-climate-for-1200-years-research-shows<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">\u201cCCE Country Profile: Colombia.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i style=\"font-size: 14px\">Monitoring and Evaluating Climate Communication and Education Project<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">. 2023.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14px\" href=\"https:\/\/mecce.ca\/country_profiles\/cce-country-profile-colombia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/mecce.ca\/country_profiles\/cce-country-profile-colombia\/<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">\u201cCCE Country Profile: Dominican Republic.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i style=\"font-size: 14px\">Monitoring and Evaluating Climate Communication and Education Project<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">. 2023.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14px\" href=\"https:\/\/mecce.ca\/country_profiles\/cce-country-profile-dominican-republic\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/mecce.ca\/country_profiles\/cce-country-profile-dominican-republic\/<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">\u201cCCE Country Profile: Mexico.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i style=\"font-size: 14px\">Monitoring and Evaluating Climate Communication and Education Project<\/i><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">. 2023.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14px\" href=\"https:\/\/mecce.ca\/country_profiles\/cce-country-profile-mexico\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/mecce.ca\/country_profiles\/cce-country-profile-mexico\/<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">Cinque, A. \u201cThe High-Altitude Quest to Save Alpacas.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i style=\"font-size: 14px\">National Geographic<\/i><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">. January 2022.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14px\" href=\"https:\/\/pulitzercenter.org\/stories\/high-altitude-quest-save-alpacas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/pulitzercenter.org\/stories\/high-altitude-quest-save-alpacas<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">\u201cClimate of Argentina.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i style=\"font-size: 14px\">Wikipedia<\/i><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">. June 2023.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14px\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate_of_Argentina\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Climate_of_Argentina<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">\u201cClimate Risk Profile: Colombia.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i style=\"font-size: 14px\">Climatelinks<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">. July 2017.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14px\" href=\"https:\/\/www.climatelinks.org\/resources\/climate-risk-profile-colombia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.climatelinks.org\/resources\/climate-risk-profile-colombia<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">\u201cClimate Risk Profile: Dominican Republic.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i style=\"font-size: 14px\">Climatelinks<\/i><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">. June 2017.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14px\" href=\"https:\/\/www.climatelinks.org\/resources\/climate-risk-profile-dominican-republic\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.climatelinks.org\/resources\/climate-risk-profile-dominican-republic<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">\u201cClimate Risk Profile: Mexico.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i style=\"font-size: 14px\">Climatelinks<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">. May 2017.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14px\" href=\"https:\/\/www.climatelinks.org\/resources\/climate-risk-profile-mexico\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.climatelinks.org\/resources\/climate-risk-profile-mexico<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">\u201cColombia: Climate Change Country Profile.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i style=\"font-size: 14px\">USAID<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">. November 2022.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14px\" href=\"https:\/\/www.usaid.gov\/climate\/country-profiles\/colombia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.usaid.gov\/climate\/country-profiles\/colombia<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">\u201cCOP 27: Two Latin American teachers win global climate education award.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i style=\"font-size: 14px\">UNICEF<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">. November 2022.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14px\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/lac\/en\/press-releases\/cop-27-two-latin-american-teachers-win-global-climate-education-awar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/lac\/en\/press-releases\/cop-27-two-latin-american-teachers-win-global-climate-education-awar<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">David Bernstein, M., Cline, H. F., Willey, G. R., \u201cMexico.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i style=\"font-size: 14px\">Encyclopedia Britannica<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">. August 2023.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14px\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mexico\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Mexico<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">Eckelkamp, S. \u201cEverything You Need to Know About Spanish Olive Oil.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i style=\"font-size: 14px\">PJ Kabos<\/i><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">. March 2021.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14px\" href=\"https:\/\/www.oliveoil.com\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-spanish-olive-oil\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.oliveoil.com\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-spanish-olive-oil\/<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. \u201cAzores high.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i style=\"font-size: 14px\">Encyclopedia Britannica<\/i><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">. June 2012.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14px\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/Azores-high\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/science\/Azores-high<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">Eidt, R. C., Calvert, P. A. R., Haperin Donghi, T., \u201cArgentina.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i style=\"font-size: 14px\">Encyclopedia Britannica<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">. July 2023.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14px\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Argentina\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Argentina<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">.<\/span><\/li><li><em>Emotional Resilience<\/em>. Climate Mental Health Network, 2026. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.climatementalhealth.net\/resilience\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.climatementalhealth.net\/resilience<\/a> Link 1: <a href=\"https:\/\/636fcba5-e355-44e1-abb7-032105b1bb1c.filesusr.com\/ugd\/be8092_cca149ad0509484890f56f706f606674.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/636fcba5-e355-44e1-abb7-032105b1bb1c.filesusr.com\/ugd\/be8092_cca149ad0509484890f56f706f606674.pdf<\/a> Link 2: <a href=\"https:\/\/636fcba5-e355-44e1-abb7-032105b1bb1c.filesusr.com\/ugd\/be8092_5e26b9acff27492a9c60388d9474669c.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/636fcba5-e355-44e1-abb7-032105b1bb1c.filesusr.com\/ugd\/be8092_5e26b9acff27492a9c60388d9474669c.pdf<\/a><\/li><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">Gonz\u00e1lez, N. L. and Wiarda, H. J. \u201cDominican Republic.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i style=\"font-size: 14px\">Encyclopedia Britannica<\/i><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">. March 2023.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14px\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Dominican-Republic\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Dominican-Republic<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">Jones, S. \u201cBitter winters for Peru\u2019s alpaca farmers combating climate change.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i style=\"font-size: 14px\">The Guardian<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">. December 2014.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14px\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2014\/dec\/24\/peru-alpaca-farmers-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/global-development\/2014\/dec\/24\/peru-alpaca-farmers-climate-change<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">Louis Gilmore, R., Parsons, J. J., Kline, H. F., \u201cColombia.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i style=\"font-size: 14px\">Encyclopedia Britannica<\/i><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">. August 2023.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14px\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Colombia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Colombia<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">Lowen, M.\u201d Spain\u2019s olive oil producers devastated by worst ever drought.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i style=\"font-size: 14px\">BBC News<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">. August 2022.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14px\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-62707435\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-62707435<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">\u201cMendoza Wine: Sub-regions of Mendoza.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i style=\"font-size: 14px\">Wine-Searcher<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">. February 2023.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14px\" href=\"https:\/\/www.wine-searcher.com\/regions-mendoza\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.wine-searcher.com\/regions-mendoza<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">.<\/span><\/li><li>Moreno Fernandez, F., Alvarez Mella, H., Romo, M. E., Weckesser, J. \u201cDemograf\u00eda del espa\u00f1ol en el mundo 2025.\u201d <i>Instituto Cervantes.<\/i> 2025. <a href=\"https:\/\/cvc.cervantes.es\/lengua\/anuario\/anuario_25\/moreno-alvarez\/p01.htm\">https:\/\/cvc.cervantes.es\/lengua\/anuario\/anuario_25\/moreno-alvarez\/p01.htm<\/a><\/li><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">Mumma, T. \u201cMaps Page on Peru.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i style=\"font-size: 14px\">NeoCities<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">. March 2019.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14px\" href=\"https:\/\/treymumma.neocities.org\/geog3000\/maps\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/treymumma.neocities.org\/geog3000\/maps<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">\u201cNew environmental education guide for Latin America, Caribbean region on action for nature, climate and pollution.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i style=\"font-size: 14px\">United Nations Environmental Program<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">. January 2023.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14px\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unep.org\/news-and-stories\/press-release\/new-environmental-education-guide-latin-america-caribbean-region\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.unep.org\/news-and-stories\/press-release\/new-environmental-education-guide-latin-america-caribbean-region<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">Pariona, A. \u201cWhat Languages Are Spoken In Argentina?\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i style=\"font-size: 14px\">World Atlas<\/i><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">. September 2020.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14px\" href=\"https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-languages-are-spoken-in-argentina.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.worldatlas.com\/articles\/what-languages-are-spoken-in-argentina.html<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">.<\/span><\/li><li>\u201cPerfil de CCE: Colombia.\u201d Monitoring and Evaluating Climate Communication and Education Project. 2025. <a href=\"https:\/\/mecce.ca\/country_profiles\/cce-country-profile-colombia_es\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/mecce.ca\/country_profiles\/cce-country-profile-colombia_es\/<\/a><\/li><li>\u201cPerfil de CCE: Rep\u00fablica Dominicana.\u201d Monitoring and Evaluating Climate Communication and Education Project. 2025. <a href=\"https:\/\/mecce.ca\/country_profiles\/cce-country-profile-dominican-republic_es\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/mecce.ca\/country_profiles\/cce-country-profile-dominican-republic_es\/<\/a><\/li><li>&#8220;Perfil de ECC: Mexico.&#8221;\u00a0<em>Monitoring and Evaluating Climate Communication and Education Project<\/em>. 2025. <a href=\"https:\/\/mecce.ca\/country_profiles\/cce-country-profile-mexico_es\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/mecce.ca\/country_profiles\/cce-country-profile-mexico_es\/<\/a><\/li><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">Posner, R. \u201cSpanish language.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i style=\"font-size: 14px\">Encyclopedia Britannica<\/i><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">. June 2023.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14px\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Spanish-language\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Spanish-language<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">Preston Moore, J., Pulgar-Vidal, J., Davies, T.M., Burr, R. N., Kus, J. S., \u201cPeru.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i style=\"font-size: 14px\">Encyclopedia Britannica<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">. June 2023.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14px\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Peru\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Peru<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">\u201c\u00bfQu\u00e9 es el cambio clim\u00e1tico?\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i style=\"font-size: 14px\">United Nations<\/i><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">. n.d.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14px\" href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/es\/climatechange\/what-is-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.un.org\/es\/climatechange\/what-is-climate-change<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">Rodriguez, V. Harrison, R. J. Smith, C. D. Carr, R. O\u2019Callaghan, J. F. Koenigsberger, H.G. Viguera, M. J. Richardson, J.S. Shubert, A. Gin\u00e9s, J. V. \u201cSpain.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i style=\"font-size: 14px\">Encyclopedia Britannica<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">. June 2023.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14px\" href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Spain\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Spain<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">Romero, T. \u201cNumber of native Spanish speakers worldwide 2021, by country.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i style=\"font-size: 14px\">Statista<\/i><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">. November 2021.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14px\" href=\"https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/991020\/number-native-spanish-speakers-country-worldwide\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/991020\/number-native-spanish-speakers-country-worldwide\/<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">\u201cWhat is Climate Change?\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i style=\"font-size: 14px\">United Nations<\/i><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">. 2020.\u00a0<\/span><\/span><a style=\"font-size: 14px\" href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/es\/climatechange\/what-is-climate-change\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.un.org\/es\/climatechange\/what-is-climate-change<\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14px\">.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3 style=\"margin-top: 1.71429rem;margin-bottom: 1.71429rem;font-size: 1.14286rem;line-height: 1.84615\"><span style=\"color: #000000\">How to cite this page<\/span><\/h3><p style=\"margin-bottom: 1.71429rem;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.71429\"><span style=\"color: #000000\"><em style=\"font-size: 14px\">Spanish<\/em>. (2025, August 6). Climate in Global Cultures and Histories: Promoting Climate Literacy Across Disciplines. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from<\/span> <a style=\"font-size: 14px\" href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/spanish\">https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/spanish<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This page contains the following sections: Where is Spanish spoken? Climate education in: Mexico Dominican Republic Colombia Climate and culture in: Spain Argentina Peru Language practice References and additional resources [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":293,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1907","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Spanish (Espa\u00f1ol) - Climate in Arts and History<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/spanish\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Spanish (Espa\u00f1ol) - Climate in Arts and History\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"This page contains the following sections: Where is Spanish spoken? 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