{"id":1432,"date":"2023-06-07T23:16:47","date_gmt":"2023-06-07T23:16:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/?page_id=1432"},"modified":"2024-11-20T23:04:11","modified_gmt":"2024-11-20T23:04:11","slug":"history-social-studies-table-of-contents","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/history-social-studies-table-of-contents\/","title":{"rendered":"History\/Social Studies"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1432\" class=\"elementor elementor-1432\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7d6013f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7d6013f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-084b370\" data-id=\"084b370\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf94197 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cf94197\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 style=\"margin-top: 1.71429rem;margin-bottom: 1.71429rem;font-size: 1.14286rem;line-height: 1.84615;color: #444444;font-family: 'Open Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif\"><span class=\"s1\" style=\"font-size: 16px\">Introduction to Climate in Human History\u00a0<\/span><\/h3><p><span style=\"font-size: 14px;color: #808080;font-family: 'Open Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif\">Climate events have played a major role in shaping the course of human history. Numerous examples of such events are listed below, and their impacts on human history are explored in this learning resource.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f426fdd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f426fdd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5a66c8b\" data-id=\"5a66c8b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe62e2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fe62e2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The drop-down menus below contain links to in-site webpages developed by the Smith College Climate in Arts and History team. The display below features selected images from these pages. The Exploration (In Progress) menu lists additional topics that are in development to become full-length entries.\u00a0<\/p><div><em>Abbreviations:<\/em><\/div><div><ul><li><em>BCE = Before Common Era<\/em><\/li><li><em>CE = Common Era<\/em><\/li><li><em>c. = circa (approximately)<\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccc67f5 elementor-arrows-position-inside elementor-pagination-position-outside elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-carousel\" data-id=\"ccc67f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;slides_to_show&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;autoplay_speed&quot;:&quot;3000&quot;,&quot;effect&quot;:&quot;fade&quot;,&quot;navigation&quot;:&quot;both&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;pause_on_hover&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;pause_on_interaction&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;infinite&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;speed&quot;:500}\" data-widget_type=\"image-carousel.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-carousel-wrapper swiper\" role=\"region\" aria-roledescription=\"carousel\" aria-label=\"Image Carousel\" dir=\"ltr\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-carousel swiper-wrapper\" aria-live=\"off\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"1 of 30\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/elementor\/thumbs\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-28-at-11.16.26-AM-e1656429446117-ptequntn2yv3l3nxenxf8i8oazz2a5aefj5ffiy5yw.png\" alt=\"Map of the region where the green corridors appeared, including northern Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and the eastern Mediterranean (from Zittis, 2015).\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">Migration of Early Homo Sapiens Out of East Africa (c. 100,000 BCE)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"2 of 30\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/elementor\/thumbs\/Beringia-interactive-map-ptequntn2yv3l3nxenxf8i8oazz2a5aefj5ffiy5yw.gif\" alt=\"Map of the Bering Strait and the Bering Land Bridge over time (Cal years BP: \u201ccalibrated years before the present\u201d or \u201ccalendar years before the present\u201d) (from Wood, 2020).\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">Migration of Humans into the Americas (c. 14,000 BCE)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"3 of 30\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/elementor\/thumbs\/ink-4-ptequntn2yv3l3nxenxf8i8oazz2a5aefj5ffiy5yw.png\" alt=\"Maps of the settlements of the Indus River Valley Civilization over time. Red dots represent towns and villages and white dots represent major cities. Notice how civilizations migrated east and how the number of cities decreased over time. Note that the years on the map are in years BP rather than BCE (from Nield 2020).\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">Decline of the Indus River Valley Civilization (c. 3300-1300 BCE)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"4 of 30\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/elementor\/thumbs\/337-Medium-pymvewxhmlgh7qri3cop8u0qwqeut616i53r2y3a9k.jpeg\" alt=\"337 Medium\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">Decline of the Mycenaean Civilization (1250-1050 BCE)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"5 of 30\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/elementor\/thumbs\/rome-map-edited-ptequntn2yv3l3nxenxf8i8oazz2a5aefj5ffiy5yw.png\" alt=\"rome map edited\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">Rise and Fall of the Western Roman Empire (285\u2013476 CE)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"6 of 30\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/elementor\/thumbs\/18TB-EGYPTVOLCANO-superJumbo-ptequntn2yv3l3nxenxf8i8oazz2a5aefj5ffiy5yw.jpg\" alt=\"A scene depicting a harvest at the tomb of Petosiris, a high priest of Thoth, at Tuna el-Gebel, Egypt, from the Ptolemaic era (From De Agostini\/Getty Images via St. Fleur, 2017).\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">Nile River Flood Failure in Ptolemaic Ancient Egypt (c. 300 BCE)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"7 of 30\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/elementor\/thumbs\/Longship-ptequntn2yv3l3nxenxf8i8oazz2a5aefj5ffiy5yw.png\" alt=\"An illustration of a Viking longship (from Encyclopedia Britannica, 2017).\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">Vikings and the Establishment of Norse Settlements in Greenland and North America (c. 986-1000)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"8 of 30\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/elementor\/thumbs\/121190-004-15AE3ADF-q59to7isoxsx3zeluan2dc61wsqbkaayq8hyosjs1k.png\" alt=\"121190-004-15AE3ADF\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">The Great Dying (c. 1520 \u2013 1700 CE)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"9 of 30\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/elementor\/thumbs\/croatoan-copy-scaled-ptequntn2yv3l3nxenxf8i8oazz2a5aefj5ffiy5yw.jpg\" alt=\"croatoan copy\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">The Roanoke Colony (1587\u20131588)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"10 of 30\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/elementor\/thumbs\/st-croix-ptequntn2yv3l3nxenxf8i8oazz2a5aefj5ffiy5yw.jpg\" alt=\"An overhead view of St. Croix Island, which today is an International Historic Site (from Visit Maine).\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">The Abandoned French Colonization of St. Croix Island, Maine (1604\u20131607)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"11 of 30\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/elementor\/thumbs\/2020-08-07-1-ptequntn2yv3l3nxenxf8i8oazz2a5aefj5ffiy5yw.png\" alt=\"The burning of a witch in Vienna, Austria in 1538 by Ullstein Bild (from Little, 2018).\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">Witch Trials (c. 1500\u20131700)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"12 of 30\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/elementor\/thumbs\/2020-08-07-2-ptequntn2yv3l3nxenxf8i8oazz2a5aefj5ffiy5yw.png\" alt=\"The Great Fire of London (1797) by Philip-James de Loutherbourg, Yale Center for British Art, New Haven, Connecticut (from Heathcote, 2016).\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">The Great Fire of London (1666)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"13 of 30\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/elementor\/thumbs\/2020-08-28-1-ptequntn2yv3l3nxenxf8i8oazz2a5aefj5ffiy5yw.png\" alt=\"An illustration of people trying to purchase the limited amounts of food during the bread riots that lead to the French Revolution in 18th century France; Universal Images Group, Christophel Fine Arts (from McIlvenna, 2019).\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">The French Revolution (1789\u20131799)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"14 of 30\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/elementor\/thumbs\/201004-glass-fire-california-jm-1522-Large-q7mx49wulqdjhvn9cou9l1d8kqlsilej1omzwn9j94.jpeg\" alt=\"201004-glass-fire-california-jm-1522 Large\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">Wildfires (recent)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"15 of 30\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/elementor\/thumbs\/Screen-Shot-2023-06-07-at-2.17.35-PM-q7mx34jy90sxb1bc26yojbsyfs9n3wuc7zxmsgyuuw.png\" alt=\"Screen Shot 2023-06-07 at 2.17.35 PM\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">Sea level rise and coastal flooding (recent)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"16 of 30\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/elementor\/thumbs\/STRIDE-GFC-women-q4yffavg1ua6ze2evur6rpxeicskadrn6xm9tkjz5k.png\" alt=\"STRIDE - GFC women\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">The Global Food Crisis (1972-1975)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"17 of 30\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/elementor\/thumbs\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-11.41.56-AM-e1655222081677-ptequntn2yv3l3nxenxf8i8oazz2a5aefj5ffiy5yw.png\" alt=\"The extreme heat in 2015 in the capital of India, New Delhi, melted the roads (from DW News).\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">Heat Waves (recent)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"18 of 30\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/elementor\/thumbs\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-06-at-11.00.25-AM-e1654529955133-ptequntn2yv3l3nxenxf8i8oazz2a5aefj5ffiy5yw.png\" alt=\"Image of a ski resort in France where the snow was dyed red from the Saharan dust (Finch for Accuweather 2022)\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">Saharan Dust Clouds (recent)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"19 of 30\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/elementor\/thumbs\/CalisAtmosphericRiversAreGettingWorse-e1686162455288-q7mhujytntuljq59c2j0crahqc3wv51tgti5wyca7s.png\" alt=\"Photograph of flooded highway in California, U.S. after heavy winter storms in 2023. The state\u2019s flood control system was overwhelmed by the intense precipitation, and many low-lying and flat areas were inundated (Bittle, 2023).\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">Atmospheric Rivers (current)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"20 of 30\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/elementor\/thumbs\/Screen-Shot-2022-07-05-at-12.28.07-PM-e1657038520396-ptequntn2yv3l3nxenxf8i8oazz2a5aefj5ffiy5yw.png\" alt=\"Thomas Phillips, unknown. Engraving of Sir John Franklin, 1845. Engraving on paper. D. Brogue. NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY OF AUSTRALIA.\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">The Arctic Expedition of Sir John Franklin (1845 \u2013 1848)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"21 of 30\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/elementor\/thumbs\/Manifest-Destiny-ptequntn2yv3l3nxenxf8i8oazz2a5aefj5ffiy5yw.png\" alt=\"American Progress (1872) by John Gast. This painting symbolizes the belief of Manifest Destiny. Columbia, the female figure of America, leads Americans into the West. She is carrying the values of republicanism, as shown by her Roman garb, and progress, as shown by technological innovations like the telegraph and trains. In front of her, Indigenous Peoples and animals are forced into the darkness.\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">The Dust Bowl (c. 1930-1940)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"22 of 30\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/elementor\/thumbs\/gettyimages-1232098529-Large-q7dzx9gzkjhfelke80im6f9bcp7y8w1oa35g41uwfs.png\" alt=\"Photograph of orchard in San Joaquin Valley, California in April 2021 after a year of historically low winter precipitation (Overpeck, 2021). Normally, this area is very productive and a major exporter of fruit and nuts.\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">Southwestern United States Megadrought (2000-present)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"23 of 30\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/elementor\/thumbs\/Screen-Shot-2023-06-28-at-9.47.17-AM-q99x9ngqo16r7xlywhybfr9c2ks5o2izlyg3fncw54.png\" alt=\"Artistic depiction of Genghis Khan riding a horse into battle (from Plester, 2012). Warm and wet climate conditions in the Central Asian steppes between 1211 and 1225 lead to an increase in vegetation which supported horses used by Mongol armies in their conquest of Eurasia.\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">The Expansion of the Mongol Empire (c. 1200s)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"24 of 30\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/elementor\/thumbs\/Woman-in-Front-of-Setting-Sun-ptequntn2yv3l3nxenxf8i8oazz2a5aefj5ffiy5yw.png\" alt=\"Caspar David Friedrich, German, 1774\u20131840. Woman in Front of Setting Sun, c. 1818. Oil paint on canvas. Acquisition was funded by the German Center for The Loss of Cultural Property. \nMUSEUM FOLKWANG.\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">The Eruption of Mount Tambora (1815-1818)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"25 of 30\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/elementor\/thumbs\/ink-2-ptequntn2yv3l3nxenxf8i8oazz2a5aefj5ffiy5yw.png\" alt=\"A potato infected with Phytophthora infestans, the fungus that causes potato blight (Stromberg, 2013, Smithsonian).\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">Social and Political Turmoil in Ireland (c. 1542\u20131850)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"26 of 30\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/elementor\/thumbs\/2020-08-07-ptequntn2yv3l3nxenxf8i8oazz2a5aefj5ffiy5yw.png\" alt=\"Map of the spread of the Black Death in Europe, northern Africa and the Middle East (from Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2020).\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">The Black Death (c. early to mid 1300s)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"27 of 30\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/elementor\/thumbs\/Figure-1-Schematics-of-the-Greenhouse-Gas-Effect-qkxhjdefdb1dz0zr31aizee88nwlpj3tgzssgmaojc.jpg\" alt=\"Diagram demonstrating the greenhouse effect, the process of radiation from the Sun being trapped by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which raises the temperature of the Earth\u2019s surface by heat-trapping gases absorbing radiation from the sun and keeping the atmosphere warm (from Lai, 2021). On the left is a model of the natural greenhouse effect, and on the right is a model of the human-enhanced greenhouse effect. Burning fossil fuels for electricity, heat, and transportation releases carbon into the atmosphere, amplifying the greenhouse effect and causing the planet\u2019s surface to get hotter.\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">Greenhouse Effect (recent)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"28 of 30\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/elementor\/thumbs\/All_Gizah_Pyramids-qqsjt1fd7rhf149p8740c4ehsrk61monequ6zl9qrc.jpg\" alt=\"The present-day remains of the Giza pyramid complex in Egypt, constructed over the course of the Old Kingdom (from Liberato, 2006).\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">Megadrought and Collapse of Old Kingdom Egypt (c. 2200-1900 BCE)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"29 of 30\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/elementor\/thumbs\/topic-valley-forge-gettyimages-144100755-Large-qqso4ju3x0d7umdp5f1yuvnvvp2biw1y4ge5bmoxbs.jpeg\" alt=\"Edward P. Moran, American, 1862\u20131935. Washington at Valley Forge, 1911. Oil paint on canvas. Library of Congress.\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">Winter Encampment at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. (1777 \u2013 1778)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"swiper-slide\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"30 of 30\"><figure class=\"swiper-slide-inner\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"swiper-slide-image\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/elementor\/thumbs\/GettyImages-517357578-5c4a27edc9e77c0001ccf77d-Large-qqspc0ve05vmtd8eapjsoeqcy8sgixn13mlldc8fjs.jpeg\" alt=\"Willy St\u00f6wer, German, 1864-1931. Titanic sinking, 1912. Oil on canvas. Die Gartenlaube.\" \/><figcaption class=\"elementor-image-carousel-caption\">The Sinking of the RMS Titanic (1912)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-prev\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"eicon-chevron-left\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-next\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"eicon-chevron-right\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-052d228 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"052d228\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2ac20bd\" data-id=\"2ac20bd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-116a887 elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"116a887\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1821\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1821\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-chevron-down\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-chevron-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Climate in History<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1821\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1821\"><div id=\"attachment_81\" style=\"width: 2094px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-81\" class=\"wp-image-81 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2020\/06\/Climate-in-Human-History.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2084\" height=\"1348\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2020\/06\/Climate-in-Human-History.jpg 2084w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2020\/06\/Climate-in-Human-History-300x194.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2020\/06\/Climate-in-Human-History-1024x662.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2020\/06\/Climate-in-Human-History-768x497.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2020\/06\/Climate-in-Human-History-1536x994.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2020\/06\/Climate-in-Human-History-2048x1325.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2020\/06\/Climate-in-Human-History-624x404.jpg 624w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2084px) 100vw, 2084px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-81\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">This illustration shows temperature variations (in \u2103) over the last 11,000 years and some corresponding events in human history (from \u201cClimate in Human History\u201d in Prothero, Donald R., and Robert H. Dott. Evolution of the Earth. 8th ed, McGraw-Hill, 2010).<\/p><\/div><div><h3><span style=\"color: #808080\"><strong>Prehistory: Human Evolution and Migration (3 million years ago-3000 BCE)<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><ul style=\"margin-bottom: 1.71429rem;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.71429;color: #444444;font-family: 'Open Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif\"><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #808080\"><a style=\"font-size: 14px;color: #808080\" href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/migration-of-early-homo-sapiens-out-of-east-africa-c-100000-bce\/\">Migration of Early Homo Sapiens out of East Africa (c. 100,000 BCE)<\/a><\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #808080\"><a style=\"font-size: 14px;color: #808080\" href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/disappearance-of-the-neanderthals-c-40000-bp\/\">Disappearance of the Neanderthals (c. 40,000 BCE)<\/a><\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span class=\"s1\" style=\"font-size: 14px;color: #808080\"><a style=\"font-size: 14px;color: #808080\" href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/migration-of-humans-into-north-america\/\">Migration of Humans into the Americas (c. 14,000 BCE)<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3><span style=\"color: #808080\"><b>Ancient Civilizations (5000 BCE-1200 CE)<\/b><\/span><\/h3><\/div><div>Africa<\/div><div><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/megadrought-and-collapse-in-old-kingdom-egypt-c-2200-1900-bce\/\"><span class=\"s1\" style=\"color: #808080\">Megadrought and Collapse of Old Kingdom Egypt (c. 2200-1900 BCE)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div><div style=\"font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #808080\">Asia<\/span><\/div><div style=\"font-size: 14px\"><ul style=\"margin-bottom: 1.71429rem;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.71429;color: #444444;font-family: 'Open Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif\"><li><span class=\"s1\" style=\"color: #808080\"><a style=\"color: #808080\" href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/decline-of-the-indus-river-valley-civilization-c-3300-1300-bce\/\">Decline of Society in the Indus River Valley (c. 3000 BCE)<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div style=\"font-size: 14px\"><div style=\"font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #808080\">Europe<\/span><\/div><div style=\"font-size: 14px\"><ul style=\"margin-bottom: 1.71429rem;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.71429;color: #444444;font-family: 'Open Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif\"><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;color: #808080\"><a style=\"font-size: 14px;color: #808080\" href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/decline-of-the-mycenaean-civilization-1250-1050-bce\/\">Decline of the Mycenaean Civilization (c. 1250-1050 BCE)<\/a><\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;color: #808080\"><a style=\"font-size: 14px;color: #808080\" href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/rise-and-fall-of-the-western-roman-empire\/\">Rise and Fall of the Western Roman Empire (285-476 CE)<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ul><div><span style=\"font-family: 'Open Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;color: #808080\">The Americas<\/span><\/div><div><ul style=\"margin-bottom: 1.71429rem;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.71429;color: #444444;font-family: 'Open Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif\"><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;color: #808080\"><a style=\"font-size: 14px;color: #808080\" href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/beginning-and-end-of-the-maya-classic-period\/\">Beginning and End of the Maya Classic Period (c. 250-900 CE)<\/a><br \/><\/span><\/li><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"font-size: 14px;color: #808080\"><a style=\"font-size: 14px;color: #808080\" href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/dark-age-in-maya-civilization\/\">Dark Age in Maya Civilization (c. 540-640 CE)<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ul><div><div><span style=\"font-family: 'Open Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;color: #808080\">The Near East<\/span><\/div><div><ul style=\"margin-bottom: 1.71429rem;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.71429;color: #444444;font-family: 'Open Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif\"><li><span style=\"color: #808080\"><a style=\"color: #808080\" href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/nile-river-flood-failure-in-ptolemaic-ancient-egypt-c-300-bce\/\"><span class=\"s1\">Nile River Flood Failure in Ptolemaic Ancient Egypt (c. 300 BCE)<\/span><\/a><br \/><\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3><strong>Transition into the Little Ice Age (800-1500 CE)<\/strong><\/h3><div><div>Asia<\/div><div><ul style=\"margin-bottom: 1.71429rem;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.71429;color: #444444;font-family: 'Open Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/expansion-of-the-mongol-empire-c-1200s\/\">Expansion of the Mongol Empire (c. 1200s)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><div>Atlantic Ocean<\/div><div><ul style=\"margin-bottom: 1.71429rem;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.71429;color: #444444;font-family: 'Open Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif\"><li><span class=\"s1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/vikings-and-the-establishment-of-norse-settlements\/\">Vikings and the Establishment of Norse Settlements in Greenland and North America (c. 986-1000)<\/a><br \/><\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"s1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/abandonment-of-norse-settlements\/\">Abandonment of Norse Settlements in Greenland (c. 1450s)<\/a><br \/><\/span><\/li><\/ul><div><h3><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/the-effects-of-the-little-ice-age\/\"><strong><strong>The Little Ice Age (1300-1850 CE)<\/strong><\/strong><\/a><\/h3><div>Asia<\/div><div><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/famines-in-western-india-1760-1860\/\">Famines in Western India (1760 \u2013 1860)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div>Colonial America<\/div><div><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/the-great-dying-c-1520-1700-ce\/\">The Great Dying (c. 1520 \u2013 1700 CE)<\/a><\/li><li><span class=\"s1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/the-roanoke-colony\/\">Roanoke Colony (1587-1588)<\/a><\/span><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/the-abandoned-french-colonization-of-st-croix-island-maine-1604-1607\/\"><span class=\"s1\">The Abandoned French Colonization of St. Croix Island, Maine (1604\u20131607)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/pilgrims-first-winter-1620\/\">Pilgrims&#8217; First Winter (1620)<\/a><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #808080\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/winter-encampment-at-valley-forge-pennsylvania-u-s-a-1777-1778\/\">Winter Encampment at Valley Forge (1777-1778)<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ul><div>Europe<\/div><div><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/the-great-famine\/\">The Great Famine (1315-1317)<\/a><\/li><li><span class=\"s1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/the-black-death\/\">Black Death (c. early to mid 1300s)<\/a><b><br \/><\/b><\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"s1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/witch-trials\/\">Witch Trials (c. 1500-1700)<\/a><\/span><span class=\"s1\"><br \/><\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"s1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/social-and-political-turmoil-in-ireland-c-1542-1850\/\">Social and Political Effects on Ireland (c. 1600-1800)<\/a><br \/><\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"s1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/the-thirty-years-war-1618-1648\/\">Thirty Years\u2019 War (1618-1648)<\/a><br \/><\/span><\/li><li><span class=\"s1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/the-great-fire-of-london\/\">The Great Fire of London (1666)<\/a><br \/><\/span><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/the-french-revolution-1789-1799\/\"><span class=\"s1\">The French Revolution (1789-1799)<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div><h3><strong>Modern Age (1800s CE &#8211; present)<\/strong><\/h3><div><div>Global<\/div><div><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/the-eruption-of-mount-tambora-1815-1818\/\">The Eruption of Mount Tambora (1815-1818)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/the-global-food-crisis\/\"><span class=\"s1\">The Global Food Crisis\u00a0(1972-1975)<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/climate-change-and-mental-health-issues\/\">Climate Change and Mental Health Issues<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/atmospheric-rivers\/\">Atmospheric Rivers (recent)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/greenhouse-effect\/\">Greenhouse Effect (recent)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/heat-waves-recent\/\">Heat waves (recent)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/saharan-dust-clouds-recent\/\">Saharan dust clouds (recent)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/sea-level-rise-and-coastal-flooding-recent\/\">Sea level rise and coastal flooding (recent)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/urbanization-recent\/\">Urbanization (recent)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/history-social-studies\/wildfires-recent\/\">Wildfires\u00a0(recent)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div>Europe<\/div><div><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/the-arctic-expedition-of-sir-john-franklin-1845-1848\/\">The Arctic Expedition of Sir John Franklin (1845 \u2013 1848)<\/a><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #808080\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/the-sinking-of-the-rms-titanic-1912\/\">Sinking of the RMS <em>Titanic\u00a0<\/em>(1912)<\/a><\/span><\/li><\/ul><div>The Middle East<\/div><div><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/the-syrian-refugee-crisis-2011-present\/\">The Syrian Refugee Crisis (2011 \u2013 present)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><div>The United States<\/div><div><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/the-dust-bowl\/\">The Dust Bowl (c. 1930-1940)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/southwestern-united-states-megadrought-2000-to-present\/\">Southwestern United States Megadrought (2000-present)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1822\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1822\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-chevron-down\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-chevron-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Indigenous Perspectives<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1822\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1822\"><div><b>The Little Ice Age<\/b><\/div>\n<div>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/the-great-dying-c-1520-1700-ce\/\">The Great Dying<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div><b>Modern Age (1800s CE-present)<\/b><\/div>\n<div>\n<ul>\n<li>Global\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/sea-level-rise-and-coastal-flooding-recent\/\">Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>The United States\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/pilgrims-first-winter-1620\/\">Pilgrims&#8217; First Winter (1620)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/the-dust-bowl\/\">The Dust Bowl<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1823\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1823\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-chevron-down\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-chevron-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Exploration (in progress)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1823\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1823\"><h3><span style=\"color: #808080\"><strong>Prehistory: Human Evolution and Migration (3 million years ago-3000 BCE)<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><ul style=\"margin-bottom: 1.71429rem;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.71429;color: #444444;font-family: 'Open Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif\"><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Disappearance of Ancient Hominids in Europe (c. 1.1 million years ago)<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Evolution and Diversification of Hominids in East Africa (c. 100,000 BCE)<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Domestication of the Dog (c. 12,000 BCE)<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Rise of Plant and Livestock Domestication in Western Asia (c. 9000 &#8211; 7000 BCE)<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Decline of Pre-Pottery Neolithic Cultures (c. 6500 BCE)<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">End of the African Humid Period and Formation of the Sahara Desert (c. 3500 BCE)<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Neolithic Dispersals<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3><span style=\"color: #808080\"><b>Ancient Civilizations (5000 BCE-1200 CE)<\/b><\/span><\/h3><div><div style=\"font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #808080\">Africa<\/span><\/div><div style=\"font-size: 14px\"><ul style=\"margin-bottom: 1.71429rem;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.71429;color: #444444;font-family: 'Open Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif\"><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Rise and Fall of Civilizations in Northern Africa<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div style=\"font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #808080\">Asia<\/span><\/div><div style=\"font-size: 14px\"><ul style=\"margin-bottom: 1.71429rem;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.71429;color: #444444;font-family: 'Open Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif\"><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Collapse of the Liangzhu Civilization (c. 2500 &#8211; 2300 BCE)<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Rise and Fall of the Han Dynasty (206 BCE &#8211; 220 CE)<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Rise and Fall of the Tang Dynasty (618 CE &#8211; 906 CE)<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div style=\"font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #808080\">Europe<\/span><\/div><div style=\"font-size: 14px\"><ul style=\"margin-bottom: 1.71429rem;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.71429;color: #444444;font-family: 'Open Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif\"><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Hannibal&#8217;s Crossing of the Alps (218 CE)<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div style=\"font-size: 14px\"><div style=\"font-size: 14px\"><div><span style=\"font-family: 'Open Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;color: #808080\">The Americas<\/span><\/div><div><ul style=\"margin-bottom: 1.71429rem;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.71429;color: #444444;font-family: 'Open Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif\"><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Development of the First City-States (c.3000 BCE)<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div><div><span style=\"font-family: 'Open Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;color: #808080\">The Near East<\/span><\/div><div><ul><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Development of the First Great Civilizations in the Fertile Crescent and Their Agricultural Practices (c. 5000-4000 BCE)<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Rise of Highly Complex, Centralized Governments (e.g., the Egyptian pharaohs and Babylonian kings) (c. 3000 BCE)<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Megadrought and Collapse of the Akkadian Empire (c. 2200-1900 BCE)<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Collapse of the Hittite Empire (c. 1160 BCE)<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Collapse of the Assyrian Empire (c. 600 BCE)<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Decline of the Eastern Roman Empire (c. 540 CE)<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3><strong>Transition into the Little Ice Age (800-1500 CE)<\/strong><\/h3><div><span style=\"color: #808080\">Asia<\/span><\/div><div><ul style=\"margin-bottom: 1.71429rem;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.71429;color: #444444;font-family: 'Open Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif\"><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Abandonment of the Mughul city Fatehpur Sikri in India (1585)\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div><div style=\"font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #808080\">Atlantic Ocean<\/span><\/div><div style=\"font-size: 14px\"><ul style=\"margin-bottom: 1.71429rem;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.71429;color: #444444;font-family: 'Open Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif\"><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #808080\">Establishment of Icelandic Settlements (865-930)<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><div><span style=\"color: #808080\">North America<\/span><\/div><div><ul style=\"margin-bottom: 1.71429rem;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.71429;color: #444444;font-family: 'Open Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif\"><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Rise and Fall of the City-State of Cahokia (1050-1350)<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">History of the Anasazi Puebloans in the American Southwest (1271-1285)<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Indigenous Peoples\u2019 Relationships to Climate (Pre-Colonialism)\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div><span style=\"color: #808080\">Pacific Ocean<\/span><\/div><div><ul style=\"margin-bottom: 1.71429rem;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.71429;color: #444444;font-family: 'Open Sans', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif\"><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Polynesian Voyaging and Settlement of Eastern Pacific Islands (c. 800 &#8211; 1500)<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><div><h3><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/the-effects-of-the-little-ice-age\/\"><strong><strong>The Little Ice Age (1300-1850 CE)<\/strong><\/strong><\/a><\/h3><\/div><div><div><span style=\"color: #808080\">Africa<\/span><\/div><div><ul><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Egyptian Famine (1784)<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><div><div><div><span style=\"color: #808080\">Arctic<\/span><\/div><div><ul><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Expansion of the Whaling Industry (c. 1500 &#8211; 1800)<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><div><div><span style=\"color: #808080\">Colonial America<\/span><\/div><div><ul><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Pilgrims\u2019 First Winter (1620)<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Economies of the Thirteen Colonies<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Pequot War (1636)<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">King Philip\u2019s War (1675-1676)<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Native American Raids (c. late 1600s)<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Signing of the Treaty of Paris (1784)<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Impact of Colonization on Climate and Indigenous Peoples<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Climatic and Environmental Knowledge of the Northeast as an Advantage in Indigenous Resistance to Colonization\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div><div style=\"font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #808080\">Europe<\/span><\/div><div style=\"font-size: 14px\"><ul style=\"margin-bottom: 1.71429rem;font-size: 14px;line-height: 1.71429\"><li style=\"margin-left: 2.57143rem;font-size: 14px\"><span style=\"color: #808080\">Russian Famine (1601-1603)<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div><h3><strong>Modern Age (1800s CE &#8211; present)<\/strong><\/h3><div><div><span style=\"color: #808080\">Global<\/span><\/div><div><ul><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Cholera Epidemic (1816 &#8211; 1823)<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Influenza Pandemic (1918-1919)<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Climate and Physical Health (recent)<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Earthquakes and Volcanic Activity (recent)<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Food and Agriculture (recent)<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Human and Animal Conflicts (recent)<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Impact of Climate Change on Indigenous Peoples Globally (recent)<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Severe Storms (recent)<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Shutdown of Ocean Circulation in the Atlantic Ocean (recent)<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div><span style=\"color: #808080\">Asia<\/span><\/div><div><ul><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Chinese Opium Trade (early 1800s)<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><div><div><span style=\"color: #808080\">Europe<\/span><\/div><div><ul><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">British Search for the Northwest Passage (1819 &#8211; 1845)<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><div><div><span style=\"color: #808080\">The United States<\/span><\/div><div><ul><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Manifest Destiny (1800s)<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Western Migration (c. 1816)<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Relations with Indigenous Peoples (c. 1816)<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">The Panic of 1819<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">Stranding of the Donner Party (1846)<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">The Homestead Act of 1862 (1862)<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">The Great Depression (1929-1940)<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">The Okie Migration (1930-1940)<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"color: #808080\">The New Deal (1933-1939)\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1824\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1824\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-chevron-down\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><i class=\"fas fa-chevron-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Selected Resources<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1824\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1824\"><div class=\"entry-content\"><p><strong>Books<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>Brooke, J.L.\u00a0<i data-stringify-type=\"italic\">Climate Change and the Course if Global History: A Rough Journey<\/i>. Cambridge University Press, 2014.<\/li><li>Dartnell, L. Origins:\u00a0<i data-stringify-type=\"italic\">How Earth\u2019s History Shaped Human History<\/i>. Basic Books, New York, 2019.<\/li><li>Lieberman, B. and Gordon E.\u00a0<i>Climate Change in Human History: Prehistory to the Present.\u00a0<\/i>Bloomsbury Academic, 2018.<\/li><li>Prothero, D. R. and Dott, R. H.\u00a0<i>Evolution of the Earth<\/i>\u00a0(8th ed). New York, McGraw-Hill Education, 2010.<\/li><li>Wood, G. D.\u00a0<i>Tambora: The Eruption that Changed the World.\u00a0<\/i>Princeton University Press. 2014.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Websites<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.climatehistory.net\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Climate History .Net<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2a881a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a2a881a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b3a6653\" data-id=\"b3a6653\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc08135 elementor-shape-circle elementor-grid-0 e-grid-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-social-icons\" data-id=\"bc08135\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"social-icons.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-social-icons-wrapper elementor-grid\" role=\"list\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-envelope elementor-repeater-item-c41fd80\" href=\"http:\/\/climate@smith.edu\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Envelope<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-envelope\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-grid-item\" role=\"listitem\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-comment-alt elementor-repeater-item-d74f74f\" href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/forms\/d\/e\/1FAIpQLScAYy5hSe5jAVZdXhUcxE9j647C4Qb81KOesoxHR2AyskzPAg\/viewform\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">Comment-alt<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"far fa-comment-alt\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Introduction to Climate in Human History\u00a0 Climate events have played a major role in shaping the course of human history. Numerous examples of such events are listed below, and their [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":293,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1432","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>History\/Social Studies - Climate in Arts and History<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/history-social-studies-table-of-contents\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"History\/Social Studies - Climate in Arts and History\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Introduction to Climate in Human History\u00a0 Climate events have played a major role in shaping the course of human history. 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