{"id":1108,"date":"2022-07-06T17:49:18","date_gmt":"2022-07-06T17:49:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/?page_id=1108"},"modified":"2025-02-28T02:35:42","modified_gmt":"2025-02-28T02:35:42","slug":"urbanization-recent","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/urbanization-recent\/","title":{"rendered":"Urbanization (recent)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><strong>What is happening?<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">As the global population continues to grow, cities and towns are expanding much faster than rural areas, and countries around the world are urbanizing rapidly and as a result (graph below):\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The global population is expected to grow from 7.349 billion in 2014 to 9.725 billion in 2050.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The global urban population is expected to increase from 54% of the total population in 2014 to 66% in 2050.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"attachment_1335\" style=\"width: 1488px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1335\" class=\"wp-image-1335 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2023\/04\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-20-at-4.37.14-PM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1478\" height=\"402\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2023\/04\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-20-at-4.37.14-PM.png 1478w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2023\/04\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-20-at-4.37.14-PM-300x82.png 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2023\/04\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-20-at-4.37.14-PM-1024x279.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2023\/04\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-20-at-4.37.14-PM-768x209.png 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2023\/04\/Screen-Shot-2023-04-20-at-4.37.14-PM-624x170.png 624w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1478px) 100vw, 1478px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1335\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The ongoing growth in global population is mainly attributed to expanding urban population, which leads to increasing urbanization (from United Nations).<\/p><\/div>\n<h3><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><strong>How is this related to climate?<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Urban areas are disproportionately responsible for climate change (image below).<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">They consume over two thirds of the world\u2019s energy.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">They create 70% of greenhouse gas emissions.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li data-stringify-indent=\"0\" data-stringify-border=\"0\">People living in cities buy more food and other goods than people living in rural areas.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Most cities have unsustainable infrastructure and public transportation systems, contributing to about one third of urban residents\u2019 carbon footprints.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"attachment_1336\" style=\"width: 1241px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1336\" class=\"wp-image-1336 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2023\/04\/city_carbonFootprints_graphic_d1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1231\" height=\"2695\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2023\/04\/city_carbonFootprints_graphic_d1.png 1231w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2023\/04\/city_carbonFootprints_graphic_d1-137x300.png 137w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2023\/04\/city_carbonFootprints_graphic_d1-468x1024.png 468w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2023\/04\/city_carbonFootprints_graphic_d1-768x1681.png 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2023\/04\/city_carbonFootprints_graphic_d1-702x1536.png 702w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2023\/04\/city_carbonFootprints_graphic_d1-935x2048.png 935w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2023\/04\/city_carbonFootprints_graphic_d1-624x1366.png 624w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1231px) 100vw, 1231px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1336\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Urban areas contribute disproportionately to climate change, as evidenced by the carbon footprints of high-impact cities (from Miller via Moran and others, 2018).<\/p><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Urban areas are disproportionately affected by climate change.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">More than 90% of urban areas are coastal and are threatened by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/sea-level-rise-and-coastal-flooding-recent\/\">rising sea levels<\/a>. It is expected that 800 million people will be affected by a 0.5 meter rise in sea levels in the next 30 years.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cities, like all other parts of the world, have already experienced, and will likely continue to experience, an increase in severe weather events, such as droughts, hurricanes and tornadoes. Because cities are more densely populated than rural areas, more people will be affected by these events at once.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cities suffer more from <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/heat-waves-recent\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">heat waves<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> than rural areas do. This is known as the \u201curban heat island\u201d effect and is caused by cities having more pavement, which absorbs and retains heat, and fewer trees, which provide shade and natural cooling.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Mitigating climate change and its consequences will depend heavily on how urban areas respond. Some of the changes that can be made include:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Transitioning to renewable energy sources, including hydropower, wind, solar, biomass and geothermal.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Using more sustainable construction materials (instead of steel, concrete and glass) for new buildings and roads and updating existing infrastructure to be more sustainable.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Urban planning in developing countries.<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is expected that 90% of urbanization in the next 30 years will occur in developing countries. If urbanization is done sustainably from the beginning, serious causes and consequences of climate change can be avoided or at least reduced.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">References and additional resources\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Beagen, B. \u201cBuilding Resilience from the Ground Up: Indonesia\u2019s Coastal Cities.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Urbanet<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. 2020.\u00a0 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.urbanet.info\/building-resilience-from-the-ground-up-indonesia-coastal-cities\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.urbanet.info\/building-resilience-from-the-ground-up-indonesia-coastal-cities<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Borunda, A. \u201cThis Is What Cities Need to Do By 2050 to Meet Climate Goals.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">National Geographic<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. 2019. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/environment\/2019\/09\/zero-carbon-cities-future\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.com\/environment\/2019\/09\/zero-carbon-cities-future<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cExtreme Weather and Climate Change.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Center for Climate and Energy Solutions.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> n.d. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.c2es.org\/content\/extreme-weather-and-climate-change\/#:~:text=Climate%20change%20is%20expected%20to,on%20water%20supplies%20during%20droughts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.c2es.org\/content\/extreme-weather-and-climate-change\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gustin, G. \u201cMore Than 100 Cities Worldwide Now Powered Primarily By<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Renewable Energy.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Inside Climate News.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> 2018. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/insideclimatenews.org\/news\/27022018\/renewable-energy-cities-clean-power-technology-cdp-report-global-warming-solutions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/insideclimatenews.org\/news\/27022018\/renewable-energy-cities-clean-power-technology-cdp-report-global-warming-solutions\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Miller, M. \u201cHere\u2019s How Much Cities Contribute to the World\u2019s Carbon Footprint.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i style=\"font-size: 1rem\">Scientific American<\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. 2018. <\/span><a style=\"font-size: 1rem\" href=\"https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/heres-how-much-cities-contribute-to-the-worlds-carBon-footprint\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article\/heres-how-much-cities-contribute-to-the-worlds-carBon-footprint\/<\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Moran, D., Kanemoto, K., Jiborn, M., Wood, R., T\u00f6bben, J., and Seto, K. C. \u201cCarbon Footprints of 13,000 Cities.\u201d<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Environmental Research Letters, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">vol. 13, no. 6, 2018. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/aac72a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/aac72a<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Muggah, R. \u201cThe World\u2019s Coastal Cities Are Going Under. Here\u2019s How Some Are\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fighting Back.\u201d <\/span><i style=\"font-size: 1rem\">World Economic Forum<\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. 2019. <\/span><a style=\"font-size: 1rem\" href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2019\/01\/the-world-s-coastal-cities-are-going-under-here-is-how-some-are-fighting-back\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2019\/01\/the-world-s-coastal-cities-are-going-under-here-is-how-some-are-fighting-back<\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. \u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Torrey, B. B. \u201cUrbanization: An Environmental Force to be Reckoned With.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i style=\"font-size: 1rem\">Population Reference Bureau. <\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2004. <\/span><a style=\"font-size: 1rem\" href=\"https:\/\/www.prb.org\/urbanization-an-environmental-force-to-be-reckoned-with\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.prb.org\/urbanization-an-environmental-force-to-be-reckoned-with<\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cReduce Urban Heat Island Effect.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">EPA. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">March 2022. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/green-infrastructure\/reduce-urban-heat-island-effect#:~:text=%22Urban%20heat%20islands%22%20occur%20when,heat%2Drelated%20illness%20and%20mortality\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/green-infrastructure\/reduce-urban-heat-island-effect#:~:text=%22Urban%20heat%20islands%22%20occur%20when,heat%2Drelated%20illness%20and%20mortality<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">United Nations. \u201cOur Urbanizing World.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Population Division, Department of\u00a0<\/span><\/i><i style=\"font-size: 1rem\">Economic and Social Affairs. <\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2019. <\/span><a style=\"font-size: 1rem\" href=\"https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/development\/desa\/population\/publications\/pdf\/popfacts\/PopFacts_2014-3.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/development\/desa\/population\/publications\/pdf\/popfacts\/PopFacts_2014-3.pdf<\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Walton, B. \u201cThis Is How Cities Around the World Are Fighting the Water Crisis.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">World Economic Forum<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. 2019.<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2019\/08\/the-next-urban-water-crisis-inadequate-data-clouds-the-forecast\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2019\/08\/the-next-urban-water-crisis-inadequate-data-clouds-the-forecast<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>How to cite this page<\/h3>\n<p><em>Urbanization (recent)<\/em>. (2023, June 21). Climate in Global Cultures and Histories: Promoting Climate Literacy Across Disciplines. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/urbanization-recent\/\">https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/urbanization-recent\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is happening? As the global population continues to grow, cities and towns are expanding much faster than rural areas, and countries around the world are urbanizing rapidly and as [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":148,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1108","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Urbanization (recent) - Climate in Arts and History<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/urbanization-recent\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Urbanization (recent) - Climate in Arts and History\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"What is happening? 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