{"id":1089,"date":"2022-07-05T16:50:29","date_gmt":"2022-07-05T16:50:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/?page_id=1089"},"modified":"2025-02-28T02:35:04","modified_gmt":"2025-02-28T02:35:04","slug":"the-arctic-expedition-of-sir-john-franklin-1845-1848","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/the-arctic-expedition-of-sir-john-franklin-1845-1848\/","title":{"rendered":"The Arctic Expedition of Sir John Franklin (1845 &#8211; 1848)"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><strong>What happened?<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Sir John Franklin (image below) was a British Royal Navy officer and Arctic explorer. In 1845 he left England in search of the Northwest Passage, a sea route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean through the Arctic Archipelago of Canada.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1090 size-medium\" style=\"font-weight: bold;font-size: 1rem\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/07\/Screen-Shot-2022-07-05-at-12.28.07-PM-e1657038520396-225x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/07\/Screen-Shot-2022-07-05-at-12.28.07-PM-e1657038520396-225x300.png 225w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/07\/Screen-Shot-2022-07-05-at-12.28.07-PM-e1657038520396.png 433w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em><span style=\"font-size: 10pt\">Thomas Phillips, unknown. Engraving of Sir John Franklin, 1845. Engraving on paper.\u00a0<\/span><\/em><em style=\"font-size: 1rem\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt\">D. Brogue. \u00a0<\/span><\/em><em style=\"font-size: 1rem\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt\">NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY OF AUSTRALIA.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The expedition members spent the winter of 1845-1846 at a camp on Beechey Island, before heading south to King William Island (map below). Before reaching King William Island, the two ships, the HMS Erebus and the HMS Terror, became trapped in sea ice in September of 1846. The ships remained trapped, even during the summer months, so in April 1848, the expedition members abandoned them and began to walk to the nearest European settlement at Back River (map below), which they never reached.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"attachment_1091\" style=\"width: 635px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1091\" class=\"wp-image-1091 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/07\/Screen-Shot-2022-07-05-at-12.29.48-PM-1024x658.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"625\" height=\"402\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/07\/Screen-Shot-2022-07-05-at-12.29.48-PM-1024x658.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/07\/Screen-Shot-2022-07-05-at-12.29.48-PM-300x193.png 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/07\/Screen-Shot-2022-07-05-at-12.29.48-PM-768x493.png 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/07\/Screen-Shot-2022-07-05-at-12.29.48-PM-624x401.png 624w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/07\/Screen-Shot-2022-07-05-at-12.29.48-PM.png 1242w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 625px) 100vw, 625px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1091\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt\">Map of the Arctic Archipelago in northern Canada showing the routes of Sir John Franklin\u2019s three Arctic expeditions. The route of his final and unsuccessful expedition is shown in red. The blue dots represent important points along the route: the camp at Beechey Island; where the ships became trapped in ice north of King William Island; where the HMS Terror was found off the coast of King William Island; where the HMS Erebus was found a little south of that; and the European settlement at Back River (from Kylie 2016, Canadian Geographic).<\/span><\/p><\/div>\n<h3><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">How is this related to climate?<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The climate of the Arctic played a major role in this disastrous expedition. Researchers have determined that the expedition took place at the end of one of the most climatically unfavorable periods in the last millennium.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In order to conclude this, researchers took ice cores from two different sites in the Canadian Arctic to reconstruct the climate record.\u00a0<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">They looked at the percentage of melt layers in the ice cores, which shows how warm the summers were, and saw that the expedition took place during a period in which there was very little summer melt.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">They also looked at the ratio of oxygen isotopes in the ice cores as an indicator of past temperatures and saw that the years preceding the expedition were exceptionally cold.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">It is important to note that in the mid to late 1800s, around the time of the expedition, global temperatures were rising as the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/the-effects-of-the-little-ice-age\/\">Little Ice Age<\/a> was coming to a close. However, the Canadian Arctic had an anomalous period of exceptionally cold summers for around 50 years at the beginning of the 19th century, showing that overall trends in global climate do not always correspond to all regional climate patterns.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">References and additional resources\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bayliss, R. \u201cSir John Franklin\u2019s Last Arctic Expedition: A Medical Disaster.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine,<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> vol. 95, no. 3, 2002, pp. 151\u2013153. DOI: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1279489\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">10.1258\/jrsm.95.3.151<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cCaptain Sir John Franklin, KT, KCH, KRG, DCL, FRS &amp; C. Commander of the Arctic Expedition, 1845.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">National Portrait Gallery of Australia. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">n.d. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.portrait.gov.au\/portraits\/2012.70\/captain-sir-john-franklin-kt-kch-krg-dcl\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.portrait.gov.au\/portraits\/2012.70\/captain-sir-john-franklin-kt-kch-krg-dcl<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cClimate Model Simulations of the Last 1,000 Years.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(n.d.). <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncdc.noaa.gov\/global-warming\/last-1000-years\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.ncdc.noaa.gov\/global-warming\/last-1000-years<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Edinburgh, T. and Day, J. J. \u201cEstimating the Extent of Antarctic Summer Sea Ice During the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Cryosphere<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, vol. 10, no. 6, 2016, pp. 2721\u20132730. DOI: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/doi:10.5194\/tc-10-2721-2016\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/doi:10.5194\/tc-10-2721-2016<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">History.com Editors. \u201cNorthwest Passage.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">History. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2018. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/exploration\/northwest-passage\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/exploration\/northwest-passage<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Krock, L. \u201cTracing the Routes.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">PBS Nova<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. 2006. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/nova\/arctic\/expe-nf.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/nova\/arctic\/expe-nf.html<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kylie, A. \u201cArchaeologists to Resume Search for Sir John Franklin\u2019s HMS Terror.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Canadian Geographic. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2016. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.canadiangeographic.ca\/article\/archaeologists-resume-search-sir-john-franklins-hms-terror\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">http:\/\/www.canadiangeographic.ca\/article\/archaeologists-resume-search-sir-john-franklins-hms-terror<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">National Maritime Museum. \u201cExploring Antarctica &#8211; A Timeline.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Royal Museums Greenwich. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">(n.d.). <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rmg.co.uk\/explore\/antarctic-exploration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.rmg.co.uk\/explore\/antarctic-exploration<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">National Maritime Museum. \u201cWhat Happened to HMS Erebus and Terror?\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Royal Museums Greenwich. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2015. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rmg.co.uk\/discover\/explore\/john-franklin-final-north-west-passage-expedition-1845\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.rmg.co.uk\/discover\/explore\/john-franklin-final-north-west-passage-expedition-1845<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Raymond, S. \u201cA Very Special Piece of Paper.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Canadian Museum of History. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2018. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.historymuseum.ca\/blog\/a-very-special-piece-of-paper\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.historymuseum.ca\/blog\/a-very-special-piece-of-paper\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Serreze, M. C., &amp; Barry, R. G. \u201cProcesses and Impacts of Arctic Amplification: A Research Synthesis.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Global and Planetary Change<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, vol. 77, no. 1\u20132, 2011, pp. 85\u201396. DOI: <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2011.03.004\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2011.03.004<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sutherland, P. D., editor. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Franklin Era in Canadian Arctic History, 1845-1859<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. University of Ottawa Press, 1985.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cThe Arctic: Exploration Timeline.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2006. <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/polardiscovery.whoi.edu\/arctic\/timeline.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">http:\/\/polardiscovery.whoi.edu\/arctic\/timeline.html<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cUnderstanding NSF Research: Arctic &amp; Antarctic.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">National Science Foundation.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> (n.d.). <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/nsf.gov\/news\/overviews\/arcticantarctic\/index.jsp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/nsf.gov\/news\/overviews\/arcticantarctic\/index.jsp<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Walker, N. \u201cRemembering Inuit Oral Historian Louie Kamookak.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Canadian Geographic<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. 2018. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.canadiangeographic.ca\/article\/remembering-inuit-oral-historian-louie-kamookak\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.canadiangeographic.ca\/article\/remembering-inuit-oral-historian-louie-kamookak<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>How to cite this page<\/h3>\n<p><em>The Arctic Expedition of Sir John Franklin (1845 &#8211; 1848)<\/em>. (2022, July 6). Climate in Global Cultures and Histories: Promoting Climate Literacy Across Disciplines. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/the-arctic-expedition-of-sir-john-franklin-1845-1848\/\">https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/the-arctic-expedition-of-sir-john-franklin-1845-1848\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What happened? Sir John Franklin (image below) was a British Royal Navy officer and Arctic explorer. In 1845 he left England in search of the Northwest Passage, a sea route [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":148,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1089","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>The Arctic Expedition of Sir John Franklin (1845 - 1848) - Climate in Arts and History<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/the-arctic-expedition-of-sir-john-franklin-1845-1848\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Arctic Expedition of Sir John Franklin (1845 - 1848) - Climate in Arts and History\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"What happened? 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Sir John Franklin (image below) was a British Royal Navy officer and Arctic explorer. 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Engraving of Sir John Franklin, 1845. Engraving on paper. D. Brogue. 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