{"id":1009,"date":"2022-06-14T16:00:48","date_gmt":"2022-06-14T16:00:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/?page_id=1009"},"modified":"2026-11-09T17:03:00","modified_gmt":"2026-11-09T17:03:00","slug":"heat-waves-recent","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/heat-waves-recent\/","title":{"rendered":"Heat Waves (recent)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1009\" class=\"elementor elementor-1009\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5c84372c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5c84372c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52d60d0c\" data-id=\"52d60d0c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b520532 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b520532\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><strong>What is a heat wave?\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">A heat wave, according to The World Meteorological Organization, is a \u201cperiod of more than 5 consecutive days where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5\u00b0C or more.\u201d<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The frequency, duration, and intensity of heat waves have increased recently with ongoing global warming (graphs below). <\/span><\/li><\/ul><div id=\"attachment_940\" style=\"width: 1014px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-940\" class=\"wp-image-940 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/04\/Heatwave-graph-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1004\" height=\"692\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/04\/Heatwave-graph-1.png 1004w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/04\/Heatwave-graph-1-300x207.png 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/04\/Heatwave-graph-1-768x529.png 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/04\/Heatwave-graph-1-624x430.png 624w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1004px) 100vw, 1004px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-940\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Heat wave characteristics over the last six decades showing an increase in frequency, length, and intensity since the 1960s in the United States (from US EPA).<\/p><\/div><h3><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><strong>How do heat waves affect people?<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Heat waves can create health risks such as cardiovascular issues, blood clots, respiratory problems, heat stroke, or even death. Extreme heat has been one of the leading causes of weather-related deaths in the United States (graph below).\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div id=\"attachment_1011\" style=\"width: 823px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1011\" class=\"wp-image-1011 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/06\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-11.35.22-AM-e1655221923401.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"813\" height=\"577\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/06\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-11.35.22-AM-e1655221923401.png 813w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/06\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-11.35.22-AM-e1655221923401-300x213.png 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/06\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-11.35.22-AM-e1655221923401-768x545.png 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/06\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-11.35.22-AM-e1655221923401-624x443.png 624w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 813px) 100vw, 813px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1011\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Number of weather-related fatalities in the United States 1991-2020. Note the high average values for heat-related fatalities (from National Weather Service, 2020).<\/p><\/div><h3><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">How do heat waves affect the environment?<\/span><\/strong><\/h3><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Heat waves can cause <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/southwestern-united-states-megadrought-2000-to-present\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">droughts<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/history-social-studies\/wildfires-recent\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">wildfires<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and heat stress that can destroy crops and affect food supply and agriculture.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Heat waves also impact wildlife severely because they alter habitats and damage the health of animals by causing heat stress that can lead to severe illness and death (image below). With destroyed habitats animals are displaced and ecosystems are ruptured, which can result in more dire consequences such as extinctions of species.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div id=\"attachment_1012\" style=\"width: 802px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1012\" class=\"wp-image-1012 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/06\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-11.36.22-AM-e1655221966995.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"792\" height=\"438\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/06\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-11.36.22-AM-e1655221966995.png 792w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/06\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-11.36.22-AM-e1655221966995-300x166.png 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/06\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-11.36.22-AM-e1655221966995-768x425.png 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/06\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-11.36.22-AM-e1655221966995-624x345.png 624w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 792px) 100vw, 792px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1012\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 2018 about 23,000 animals, many belonging to endangered species, in Australia died due to heat waves, including the flying fox bat pictured here (from Yale School of the Environment).<\/p><\/div><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Smith College Biology Professor Mariana Abarca studies the impact of heat waves on butterflies. Her research team found that winter warm spells, which are becoming increasingly common, result in drastic mortality of butterfly larvae in Maryland, USA. The researchers also discovered that feeding on invasive plants increases the vulnerability of butterflies to heat stress compared to feeding on native vegetation (image below).<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div id=\"attachment_1030\" style=\"width: 635px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1030\" class=\"wp-image-1030 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/06\/unnamed-1024x862.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"625\" height=\"526\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/06\/unnamed-1024x862.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/06\/unnamed-300x252.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/06\/unnamed-768x646.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/06\/unnamed-624x525.jpg 624w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/06\/unnamed.jpg 1400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 625px) 100vw, 625px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1030\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Heat waves increase mortality of a wetland butterfly Baltimore Checkerspot (Euphydryas phaeton phaeton) (photo courtesy of Mariana Abarca).<\/p><\/div><h3><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">Examples of major heat waves throughout history:<\/span><\/strong><\/h3><p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">The Great North American heat wave of July 1936<\/span><\/p><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the summer of 1936 blistering heat tore through the Upper Midwest, the Great Plains, and Great Lake states, and persisted for ten days with temperatures over 90\u00b0F (32\u00b0C).\u00a0 In some areas temperatures even reached a high of 108\u00b0F (42.2\u00b0C). This had devastating effects on crops in this region and resulted in over 5000 deaths.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div id=\"attachment_1013\" style=\"width: 794px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1013\" class=\"wp-image-1013 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/06\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-11.40.12-AM-e1655222036383.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"784\" height=\"505\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/06\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-11.40.12-AM-e1655222036383.png 784w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/06\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-11.40.12-AM-e1655222036383-300x193.png 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/06\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-11.40.12-AM-e1655222036383-768x495.png 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/06\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-11.40.12-AM-e1655222036383-624x402.png 624w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 784px) 100vw, 784px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1013\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Newspaper from St. Paul, Minnesota reported deaths caused by the intense heat in 1936 (from Pioneer Press, 2016).<\/p><\/div><p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">Heat waves in Greece 1987-1988<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">From 1987 to 1988 Greece experienced abnormally high summer temperatures that claimed the lives of many in a time and place where air conditioning wasn\u2019t common. For 6-8 days straight temperatures reached a harsh 104\u00b0F (40\u00b0C) throughout the day and wouldn\u2019t even drop below 86\u00b0F (30\u00b0C) at night. Many victims of the heat were elderly, and the deaths totaled to around 1300 people. <\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">The European heat wave of 2003<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Record high temperatures, on average 20-30% higher than normal, swept across Europe in the summer of 2003. The UK and France reported extreme temperatures starting from a minimum of 95\u00b0F (35\u00b0C) to a high of 105.8\u00b0F (41\u00b0C). As a result, thousands of elderly people died, and 13 billion Euros worth of damages were reported due to droughts, forest fires, and affected ecosystems and agriculture.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">The 2010 Eastern European\/Russian heat wave<\/span><\/p><ul><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the summer of 2010, Eastern Europe was hit with extraordinarily high temperatures. The 2010 heat wave broke 500-year-old records for average summer temperatures and area of impact.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The brunt of this heat was felt in Russia. Temperatures that summer rose <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">between 6.7\u00b0C and 13.3\u00b0C above average with Moscow reaching a record-breaking 38.2\u00b0C during the daytime. The heatwave overall covered an area of around 2 million kilometers resulting in about 9 million hectares of crops being destroyed and triggering peat and forest fires that claimed lives. Russian officials estimate that the heat wave caused over 56,000 deaths.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">The India heat wave of 2015<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">During May of 2015, in anticipation of the upcoming monsoons, seasonal temperatures began to routinely increase to as high as 104\u00b0F (40\u00b0C) in India. However, unexpectedly temperatures soared past this average and peaked at around 117\u00b0F (47.2\u00b0C) in some areas for the entire week. The humidity made the high temperatures unbearable and as a result over 2000 human lives were lost.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><div id=\"attachment_1014\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1014\" class=\"wp-image-1014 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/06\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-11.41.56-AM-1024x591.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"591\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1014\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">The extreme heat in 2015 in the capital of India, New Delhi, melted the roads (from DW News).<\/p><\/div><p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">Heat waves of 2022<\/span><\/p><ul><li>India and Pakistan<ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">India and Pakistan experienced an extended, three-month-long heat wave during the spring of 2022. In May, daytime temperatures soared above 110\u00b0F (43\u00b0C) and nighttime temperatures stayed in the 90s (~35\u00b0C). Temperatures this high are not usually seen until later in the summer. Surging electricity use led to widespread power outages. Schools and businesses adapted to the heat by closing earlier, with the Indian government encouraging people to stay inside during the afternoon. This, unfortunately, is not an option for unhoused people (image below).<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The heat wave also triggered forest fires in India and an extreme flood in northern Pakistan when a lake overflowed with water from a rapidly melting glacier. At least 90 people died across India and Pakistan due to the heat wave.\u00a0 This relatively low death toll is attributed to low humidity, community adaptation and resilience, and incomplete reporting.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><div id=\"attachment_1015\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1015\" class=\"wp-image-1015 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/06\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-11.42.45-AM-e1655222125483-1024x677.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"677\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/06\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-11.42.45-AM-e1655222125483-1024x677.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/06\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-11.42.45-AM-e1655222125483-300x198.png 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/06\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-11.42.45-AM-e1655222125483-768x508.png 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/06\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-11.42.45-AM-e1655222125483-624x413.png 624w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/06\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-11.42.45-AM-e1655222125483.png 1051w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1015\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Homeless people sleep in the shade of a highway overpass on a hot day in New Delhi, India in May 2022 (from Manish Swarup\/Associated Press via the New York Times).<\/p><\/div><ul><li>China<ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the summer of 2022, the average temperatures across China rose 1.2\u00b0 higher than the seasonal norm reaching 22.4\u00b0C. These conditions combined with the third largest decrease in rainfall in China\u2019s history caused widespread droughts that then resulted in forest fires that devastated southwestern China and East Tibet. Agriculture production, water systems, and power supply were all affected, especially the Yangtze River which is the source of drinking water for millions.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">This event was one of China\u2019s most severe recorded heat waves. In the summer of 2022, China experienced more than 70 days of heat wave conditions, with some cities such as Chongqing and Sichuan reporting temperatures of over 40\u00b0C.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><div id=\"attachment_1404\" style=\"width: 810px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1404\" class=\"wp-image-1404 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2023\/06\/heatwave-in-china-e1686077415848.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"509\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2023\/06\/heatwave-in-china-e1686077415848.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2023\/06\/heatwave-in-china-e1686077415848-300x191.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2023\/06\/heatwave-in-china-e1686077415848-768x489.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2023\/06\/heatwave-in-china-e1686077415848-624x397.jpg 624w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1404\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Temperature forecast in China from August 24-25, 2022 (from AFP News via Phys News).<\/p><\/div><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Europe<\/span><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Europe\u2019s hottest summer on record took place in 2022, as it has been labeled by researchers the most impactful heatwave since the one that took place in 2003. The summer heat waves caused over 60,000 deaths across Italy, France, Spain, Germany, Great Britain, and other European countries.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Average temperatures in Europe have been increasing since 1961 at a pace of 0.5\u00b0C per decade. According to the World Health Organization, it is the fastest warming region in the world.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><div id=\"attachment_1405\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1405\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1405\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2023\/06\/its-going-to-get-even.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"463\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2023\/06\/its-going-to-get-even.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2023\/06\/its-going-to-get-even-300x136.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2023\/06\/its-going-to-get-even-768x347.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2023\/06\/its-going-to-get-even-624x282.jpg 624w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1405\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Temperatures in Europe From July 14 to July 16, 2022 (from AFP News via Phys News).<\/p><\/div><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">North America<\/span><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">August 2022 was North America\u2019s hottest summer to date, and in the following month of September, hundreds of temperature records across the U.S. were broken due to intense heat waves. The western half of the U.S. in particular was extremely affected by the heat wave with California, for example, reaching a record-breaking temperature of 116\u00b0F (46.7\u00b0C) in Sacramento and Merced.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">61 million people in total were under extreme weather advisory in Arizona, Nevada, and California.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-size: 12pt\">Future heat waves<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Going forward, heat waves are predicted to become more common and intense worldwide due to anthropogenic climate change. Warming temperatures are increasing the frequency and intensity of <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/the-global-food-crisis\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">El Ni\u00f1o<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> events, periods of warm water in the Pacific Ocean. The Pacific Ocean is a major regulator of global temperature and precipitation. During El Ni\u00f1o, global weather systems are disrupted and heat is released into the atmosphere, contributing to more frequent and intense heat waves in parts of the world.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Average temperatures will also continue to rise due to global warming and heat wave events. In summer 2023, for example, the Earth experienced its hottest week on record to date, with the record for the hottest day broken several times in a row. Scientists expect that summers will get progressively warmer due to climate change, giving rise to the popular quote, \u201cThis will be the coldest summer of the rest of our lives.\u201d<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">But some regions will be more impacted than others. Researchers have pinpointed Russia, Central America, central Europe, China, and Australia as the most vulnerable to future heat waves. Countries that have not historically experienced heat waves will be the most affected, as they do not have pre-existing infrastructure to combat rising temperatures. However, with prior preparation and adaptive measures, the effects of heat waves can be reduced.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\"><strong>Climate inequality leads to disparity in who suffers from heat waves\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Large cities in particular suffer under heat waves due to the \u201curban heat island effect\u201d (images below), which occurs when <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">natural land cover is replaced with pavement, buildings, and other surfaces that preferentially absorb and retain heat.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400\">As climate change worsens <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">heat waves, the disparity in who suffers from these events increases as well. For example, in New York City, the effects of the heat differ between neighborhoods:\u00a0<\/span><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Wealthy neighborhoods have more green space, including tall trees that provide shade, while poor neighborhoods have fewer trees and less access to recreational green space. Without trees to provide shade and natural cooling, paved sidewalks and roads get extremely hot in summer months.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Wealthy New Yorkers are more likely to have air conditioning, as well as the means to escape the city for the beach, lakes, or forests. Public spaces in New York do not serve everyone equally, either: to access public pools in the summer, New Yorkers have to wait in line, sometimes for hours, and there are more pools per capita in white, wealthy boroughs. Black New Yorkers are more than twice as likely to die from heat as white residents. <\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><div id=\"attachment_1024\" style=\"width: 1034px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1024\" class=\"wp-image-1024 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/06\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-1.27.31-PM-e1655227694158-1024x518.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"518\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/06\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-1.27.31-PM-e1655227694158-1024x518.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/06\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-1.27.31-PM-e1655227694158-300x152.png 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/06\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-1.27.31-PM-e1655227694158-768x389.png 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/06\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-1.27.31-PM-e1655227694158-624x316.png 624w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/06\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-1.27.31-PM-e1655227694158.png 1065w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-1024\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist Alisa Singer creates colorful visual art to showcase alarming climate trends, such as the unequal impact of heat waves in urban areas. Singer\u2019s digital art piece &#8220;Urban Heat Islands&#8221; (above) is paired with graphs (below) explaining the science behind the issue. These graphs show elevated air and surface temperature in urban areas compared to rural areas <a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/environmental-graphiti\/\">(from Environmental Graphiti). <\/a><\/p><\/div><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1025 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/06\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-1.27.45-PM-e1655227720786.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"821\" height=\"725\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/06\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-1.27.45-PM-e1655227720786.png 821w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/06\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-1.27.45-PM-e1655227720786-300x265.png 300w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/06\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-1.27.45-PM-e1655227720786-768x678.png 768w, https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/97\/2022\/06\/Screen-Shot-2022-06-14-at-1.27.45-PM-e1655227720786-624x551.png 624w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 821px) 100vw, 821px\" \/><\/p><h3><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">Further exploration<\/span><\/strong><\/h3><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">To combat heat waves in urban centers, several cities are adopting different strategies to reduce urban temperatures and keep people cool:<\/span><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Seville, Spain regularly experiences temperatures of 40\u00b0C (104\u00b0F) in the summer. It\u2019s the first city to start naming heat waves, a categorization method similar to hurricanes, in an effort to increase public awareness. The city has also invested in cooling public spaces by installing awnings for shade, planting trees, building public fountains, and choosing heat-reflective building materials.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\">Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, faces increasingly extreme heat as a result of climate change. Summer temperatures in the UAE already reach 48\u201350\u00b0C (118\u2013122\u00b0F), with projections indicating a further 2\u20133\u00b0C increase by 2079. In response to the region&#8217;s intense solar exposure, the Al Bahr Towers, two 26-storey office buildings in Abu Dhabi, feature an innovative climate-responsive fa\u00e7ade. Inspired by traditional <em>mashrabiya<\/em> screens, the buildings incorporate automated, foldable shading panels that open and close in response to the sun&#8217;s movement, reducing solar heat gain, glare, and the demand for air conditioning.<\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Medellin, Colombia, is developing \u2018green corridor\u2019 streets lined with native shade plants around busy public spaces. These routes provide cooler places for people to travel and gather.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><h3><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt\">References and additional resources<\/span><\/strong><\/h3><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Abarca, M., Larsen, E. A., and Ries, L. \u201cHeatwaves and Novel Host Consumption Increase Overwinter Mortality of an Imperiled Wetland Butterfly.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, vol. 7, 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fevo.2019.00193\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/article\/10.3389\/fevo.2019.00193<\/a>.<\/span><\/li><li>\u201cAl Bahr Towers: Designing a Unique Sun Shading System to Reduce Energy Usage.\u201d Arup. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arup.com\/en-us\/projects\/al-bahr-towers\/\">https:\/\/www.arup.com\/en-us\/projects\/al-bahr-towers\/<\/a>.\u00a0<\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Barnard, A., Kilgannon, C., Hughes, J., and Goldberg, E. \u201cIt\u2019s going to be a hot summer. It will be hotter if you\u2019re not rich.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The New York Times. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">June 2022. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2022\/05\/28\/nyregion\/heat-waves-climate-change-inequality.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2022\/05\/28\/nyregion\/heat-waves-climate-change-inequality.html<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Celis, N. \u201cHalf of China hit by drought in worst heatwave on record.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Phys.org<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. 2022. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2022-08-china-drought-worst-heatwave.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2022-08-china-drought-worst-heatwave.html<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Chasan, A. \u201cScientists identify regions where heat waves may cause most damaging impact in coming years.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">CBS News<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. 2023. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/heat-waves-records-risky-countries-climate-change\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/heat-waves-records-risky-countries-climate-change\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Chrysopoulos<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, P. \u201cExtremely high temperatures in Greece bring back memories of 1987 killer heatwave.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Greek Reporter.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> February 2021. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/greekreporter.com\/2017\/06\/29\/extremely-high-temperatures-in-greece-brings-back-memories-of-1987-killer-heatwave\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/greekreporter.com\/2017\/06\/29\/extremely-high-temperatures-in-greece-brings-back-memories-of-1987-killer-heatwave\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cClimate Change Indicators: Heatwaves.\u201d US Environmental Protection Agency. April 2021. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/climate-indicators\/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/climate-indicators\/climate-change-indicators-heat-waves<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Di Liberto, T. \u201cIndia Heat Wave kills thousands.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">NOAA.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> June 2015. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.climate.gov\/news-features\/event-tracker\/india-heat-wave-kills-thousands\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.climate.gov\/news-features\/event-tracker\/india-heat-wave-kills-thousands<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">ETH Z\u00fcrich. \u201cRecord-breaking 2010 Eastern European\/Russian heatwave.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">ScienceDaily<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. 2011. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2011\/03\/110318091141.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2011\/03\/110318091141.htm<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cExtreme heat can impact our health in many ways.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">CDC. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2021. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/climateandhealth\/pubs\/extreme-heat-final_508.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/climateandhealth\/pubs\/extreme-heat-final_508.pdf<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Giles, B. D. and Balafoutis, C. J. \u201cThe Greek heatwaves of 1987 and 1988.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">International Journal of Climatology.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> 1990. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1002\/joc.3370100507\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/epdf\/10.1002\/joc.3370100507<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Gutterman. S. \u201cHeat, smoke sent Russia deaths soaring in 2010: govt.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reuters<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. 2010. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-russia-heat-deaths-idUSTRE69O4LB20101025\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-russia-heat-deaths-idUSTRE69O4LB20101025<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cHeatwave of July 1936.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">National Weather Service.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> November 2019. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.weather.gov\/arx\/heat_jul36\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.weather.gov\/arx\/heat_jul36<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cImpacts of summer 2003 heat wave in Europe.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Environmental Alert Bulletin. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">March 2004. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unisdr.org\/files\/1145_ewheatwave.en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.unisdr.org\/files\/1145_ewheatwave.en.pdf<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cIndia heat wave death toll surpasses 1,800, crisis response questioned.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">DW. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">May 2015. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/india-heat-wave-death-toll-surpasses-1800-crisis-response-questioned\/a-18484289\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/india-heat-wave-death-toll-surpasses-1800-crisis-response-questioned\/a-18484289<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Irfan, U. \u201cA big El Ni\u00f1o is looming. Here\u2019s what it means for our weather.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vox<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. May 2023. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vox.com\/climate\/23738846\/el-nino-2023-weather-heat-wave-climate-change-disaster-flood-rain\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.vox.com\/climate\/23738846\/el-nino-2023-weather-heat-wave-climate-change-disaster-flood-rain<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Irfan, U. \u201cThe extraordinary heat wave in India and Pakistan, explained.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Vox. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">May 2022. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vox.com\/23057267\/india-pakistan-heat-wave-climate-change-coal-south-asia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.vox.com\/23057267\/india-pakistan-heat-wave-climate-change-coal-south-asia<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kirkpatrick, S. E. and Gibson, P. B. \u201cChanges in regional heatwave characteristics as a function of increasing global temperature.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientific Reports. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">September 2017 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-12520-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-12520-2<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lopez, G. \u201cGood morning. Climate change\u2019s effects are already unequal.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The New York Times. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">June 2022. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/messaging-custom-newsletters.nytimes.com\/template\/oakv2?campaign_id=9&amp;emc=edit_nn_20220602&amp;instance_id=62964&amp;nl=the-morning&amp;productCode=NN&amp;regi_id=121508962&amp;segment_id=93971&amp;te=1&amp;uri=nyt%3A%2F%2Fnewsletter%2Fb8852300-e224-59a8-9f4a-770ae48e5178&amp;user_id=e9b5b2ca771f2aa9ddf4b48678d5aeae\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/messaging-custom-newsletters.nytimes.com\/template\/oakv2?campaign_id=9&amp;emc=edit_nn_20220602&amp;instance_id=62964&amp;nl=the-morning&amp;productCode=NN&amp;regi_id=121508962&amp;segment_id=93971&amp;te=1&amp;uri=nyt%3A%2F%2Fnewsletter%2Fb8852300-e224-59a8-9f4a-770ae48e5178&amp;user_id=e9b5b2ca771f2aa9ddf4b48678d5aeae<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> .<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Perroteau, T. \u201cWestern Europe heatwave to peak in scorching Spain.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Phys.org<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. 2022. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2022-07-western-europe-heatwave-peak-spain.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2022-07-western-europe-heatwave-peak-spain.html<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Plumer, B. and Popovich, N. \u201cHow Decades of Racist Housing Policy Left Neighborhoods Sweltering.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The New York Times<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. August 2020. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2020\/08\/24\/climate\/racism-redlining-cities-global-warming.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2020\/08\/24\/climate\/racism-redlining-cities-global-warming.html<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Portala, J. \u201cEurope\u2019s heatwave may have caused more than 20,000 \u2018excess\u2019 deaths.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Reuters<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/cop\/europes-heatwave-may-have-caused-more-than-20000-excess-deaths-2022-11-24\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/business\/cop\/europes-heatwave-may-have-caused-more-than-20000-excess-deaths-2022-11-24\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cReduce Urban Heat Island Effect.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">EPA. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">March 2022. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/green-infrastructure\/reduce-urban-heat-island-effect#:~:text=%22Urban%20heat%20islands%22%20occur%20when,heat%2Drelated%20illness%20and%20mortality\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/green-infrastructure\/reduce-urban-heat-island-effect#:~:text=%22Urban%20heat%20islands%22%20occur%20when,heat%2Drelated%20illness%20and%20mortality<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Rice, D. \u201cFierce heat wave in India and Pakistan 30 times more likely because of climate change.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">USA Today. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">May 2022. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/story\/news\/world\/2022\/05\/23\/india-palistan-heat-wave-climate-change\/9895396002\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/story\/news\/world\/2022\/05\/23\/india-palistan-heat-wave-climate-change\/9895396002\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Robbins, J. \u201cWith Temperatures Rising, Can Animals Survive the Heat Stress?\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yale Environment 360. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">March 2020. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/e360.yale.edu\/features\/with-temperatures-rising-can-animals-survive-the-heat-stress\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/e360.yale.edu\/features\/with-temperatures-rising-can-animals-survive-the-heat-stress<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Siebart, S. and Ewert, F. \u201cFuture crop production threatened by extreme heat.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Environmental Research Letters.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> April 2014. <\/span><a style=\"font-size: 1rem\" href=\"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/9\/4\/041001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/9\/4\/041001<\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Singer, A. \u201cUrban Heat Islands.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Environmental Graphiti. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2021. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.environmentalgraphiti.org\/all-series\/urban-heat-islands\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.environmentalgraphiti.org\/all-series\/urban-heat-islands<\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Sugar, R. \u201cDrink More Water.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Atlantic<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. July 2023. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/health\/archive\/2023\/07\/the-dos-and-donts-of-hydrating-in-a-heat-wave\/674704\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/health\/archive\/2023\/07\/the-dos-and-donts-of-hydrating-in-a-heat-wave\/674704\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cThe Russian Heatwave of Summer 2010.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Met Office<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.metoffice.gov.uk\/weather\/learn-about\/weather\/case-studies\/russian-heatwave\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.metoffice.gov.uk\/weather\/learn-about\/weather\/case-studies\/russian-heatwave<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li>UAE Ministry of Climate Change and Environment. \u201cThird Update of the UAE\u2019s Second Nationally Determined Contribution.\u201d 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/unfccc.int\/sites\/default\/files\/NDC\/2023-07\/Third%20Update%20of%20Second%20NDC%20for%20the%20UAE_v15.pdf\">https:\/\/unfccc.int\/sites\/default\/files\/NDC\/2023-07\/Third%20Update%20of%20Second%20NDC%20for%20the%20UAE_v15.pdf<\/a>. p. 37.<\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Wallace-Wells, D. \u201cThe Mysteriously Low Death Toll of the Heat Waves in India and Pakistan.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The New York Times<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. 2022. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2022\/07\/14\/opinion\/environment\/heat-waves-india-pakistan-climate-change.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2022\/07\/14\/opinion\/environment\/heat-waves-india-pakistan-climate-change.html<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cWeather related fatality and injuries.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">National Weather Service. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">2020. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.weather.gov\/hazstat\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.weather.gov\/hazstat\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cWhat is a heat wave?\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">SciJinks. <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">November 2021. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/scijinks.gov\/heat\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/scijinks.gov\/heat\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Winters, J. \u201cHow climate change drivers hotter, more frequent heat waves.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Grist<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. July 2023. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/grist.org\/extreme-heat\/how-climate-change-drives-hotter-more-frequent-heat-waves\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/grist.org\/extreme-heat\/how-climate-change-drives-hotter-more-frequent-heat-waves\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Woltman, N. \u201cKiller heatwave cooked a confession out of St. Paul kidnapper in 1936.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Twin Cities.com: Pioneer Press.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> July 2019. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.twincities.com\/2016\/07\/14\/pioneer-press-1936-heat-wave-st-paul\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.twincities.com\/2016\/07\/14\/pioneer-press-1936-heat-wave-st-paul\/<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yu, V. \u201cChina reports \u2018most severe\u2019 heatwave an third driest summer on record.\u201d <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Guardian<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">. 2022. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2022\/sep\/07\/china-reports-most-severe-heatwave-and-lowest-rainfall-on-record\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2022\/sep\/07\/china-reports-most-severe-heatwave-and-lowest-rainfall-on-record<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><h3>How to cite this page<\/h3><p><em>Heat Waves (recent)<\/em>. (2024, July 7). Climate in Global Cultures and Histories: Promoting Climate Literacy Across Disciplines. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/heat-waves-recent\/\">https:\/\/www.science.smith.edu\/climatelit\/heat-waves-recent\/<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is a heat wave?\u00a0 A heat wave, according to The World Meteorological Organization, is a \u201cperiod of more than 5 consecutive days where the daily maximum temperature exceeds the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":148,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1009","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - 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