... materials & methods ...

... sample preparation ...

Thin sections are prepared of the rock samples by fixing a billet of the rock to a glass slide and then lapping it to 30 microns in thickness. In order to prepare the thin section for SEM analysis, it is polished down to a 1 micron grit.

This fine surface is then carbon coated using the Vacuum Evaporator to facilitate electron transport and prevent accumulation on the surface of the sample. The samples were placed under a vacuum bell and the chamber pumped down to 1x10-4 mbar. Electrical current was used to excite a carbon electrode, causing it to eject carbon atoms which condensed on the samples.

The thin section was placed in a brass sample holder and carbon tape was applied to stablize the sample and insure electrical connection between the carbon-coated surface and the brass sample holder. The sample was inserted into the specimen exchange chamber, and after evacuation, mounted on the platform inside the column.

... analysis ...

The SEM was booted at 20kV acceleration voltage. Start up parameters include:
  • CL Coarse (probe current): 7
  • CL Fine: 75
  • OL Coarse: 124
  • OL Fine: 544
  • Working Distance: 15mm
The electron beam was saturated per the course manual1 and focused using the sample stage z-adjustment (vertical adjustment) knob in order to maintain the lens parameters listed above. The SEM was switched into "composition" or backscattered image mode to examine the sample.

Microanalysis was performed using "Link ISIS" software. Image Setup was set to Slow Acquisition Speed and Fine Resolution to collect the images. To prepare the electron beam to data acquisition parameters, the current was adjusted to -.6000+.0025nA by adjusting the Condenser Lens settings. Point analyses were performed on multiple crystals and parts of crystals visible in each image analyzed. Spectra were collected, maintaining dead time during scan of 30-40%.

Quantitative analyses were calculated using the SEMQuant function. Combined element by Stoichiometry was used by specifying the Number of ions based on qualitative visual analysis of the spectra. In many cases, several analyses were calculated to determine the best fit of the data to known mineral formulas and/or approximate formulas.