Crayfish (after van Harreveld, 1936)

NaCl

KCl

CaCl2 (anhydrous)

MgCl2• 6H2O

12.0 g/L

0.4 g/L

1.5 g/L

0.5 g/L

Mix these four salts with slightly less than the final amount of distilled water; then add the following salt and bring the solution to its final volume with additional distalled water:

NaHCO3

0.17 g/L

Aerate and mix the solution thoroughly. Check the pH; if necessary, add a few drops of dilute HCl or additional NaHCO3 to bring the solution to pH 7.4.

Cockroach (Prosser & Brown, 1961)

NaCl

KCl

CaCl2 (anhydrous)

MgCl2• 6H2O

10.93 g/L

1.57 g/L

0.85 g/L

0.34 g/L

Earthworm (Lockwood, 1961)

NaCl

KCl

CaCl2 (anhydrous)

NaHCO3

6.0 g/L

0.12 g/L

0.2 g/L

0.1 g/L

Frog (Ringer)

NaCl

KCl

CaCl2 (anhydrous)

NaHCO3

6.5 g/L

0.14 g/L

0.12 g/L

0.20 g/L